Phrynocephalus scutellatus (OLIVIER, 1807)

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Higher Taxa	Agamidae (Agaminae), Sauria, Iguania, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies
Common Names	E: Gray Toadhead Agama
Synonym	Agama scutellata OLIVIER 1807 (III): 110 Agama scutellata — OLIVIER 1807 (V): 196 Phrynocephalus olivieri DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1837: 517 (fide SMITH 1935) Phrynocephalus tickelii GRAY 1845: 260 (fide BOULENGER 1885) Phrynocephalus olivieri — BOULENGER 1885: 370 Phrynocephalus olivieri — ALCOCK & FINN 1897 Phrynocephalus olivieri var. brevipes NIKOLSKY 1906 Phrynocephalus olivieri var. carinipes NIKOLSKY 1906 Phrynocephalus scutellatus — SMITH 1935: 229 Phrynocephalus scutellatus — LEVITON 1959: 450 Phrynocephalus scutellatus — WERMUTH 1967: 88 Phrynocephalus scutellata — DAS 1996: 45 Phrynocephalus scutellatus — KHAN 1999 Phrynocephalus (Phrynocephalus) scutellatus — BARABANOV & ANANJEVA 2007 Phrynocephalus scutellatus — SINDACO & JEREMČENKO 2008 Phrynocephalus scutellatus — NASRABADI et al. 2017
Distribution	Iran (incl. Kavir desert), Afghanistan, SW Pakistan (Baluchistan) Type locality: “... au pied de la montagne (nommée Sophia ou Sophissar, en vue d’Ispahan)” [= Mt. Sophia, near Esfahan, Esfahan Province, Iran]. brevipes: Type locality: “Naim-abad (Damysan) in Chorosano occident” [Naim-Abad, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran, 36.14 N 58.92 E]. carinipes: Type locality: “Pudeschk-Kupa” [Tudeshg, Isfahan Province, Iran, 32.72 N 52.67 E].
Reproduction	oviparous
Types	Holotype: MNHN-RA 6947 Lectotype: ZISP 10235, adult female, (designated by Barabanov & Ananjeva 2007) [brevipes] Lectotype: ZISP 10236 (designated by Barabanov & Ananjeva, 2007) [carinipes]
Diagnosis	Diagnosis: Dorsal scales heterogeneous; enlarged scales nail-like, with free posterior margin often tubercular; more than 16 scales across head between eyes; width of space between nostrils equal to or less than half distance between nostril and preocular ridge, side of back of head and neck without long, flat, upturned fringe-like scales (but sometimes with short, spiny scales); nasals large, in contact, or rarely separated by single series of scales; crossbars on tail most intense (black) and always present ventrally, though usually quite dark dorsally as well. Tail 118--157 percent of snout-vent length (Anderson 1999: 97).
Comment	Synonymy mostly after WERMUTH 1967. Distribution: See map in SMID et al. 2014 for distribution in Iran.
Etymology	The epithets scutellatus (masculine) and scutellata (feminine) refer to the scut- dorsal shield-like form of the trunk of the species. Hence scutellatus literally means ‛having (-at) a small (-ell-) shield (scut-)’ (Mikaili & Shayegh 2011).
References	ANANJEVA, NATALIA B.; KONSTANTIN D. MILTO, ANDREI V. BARABANOV, EVGENY A. GOLYNSKY 2020. An annotated type catalogue of amphibians and reptiles collected by Nikolay A. Zarudny in Iran and Middle Asia. Zootaxa 4722 (2): 101–128 - get paper here Anderson, Steven C 1999. The lizards of Iran. Contributions to Herpetology Volume 15, Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Saint Louis, Missouri: i-vii, 1-442 [review in Copeia 2000 (4): 1144] - get paper here BARABANOV, A.V. & N.B. ANANJEVA 2007. Catalogue of the available scientific species-group names for lizards of the genus Phrynocephalus Kaup, 1825 (Reptilia, Sauria, Agamidae). Zootaxa 1399: 1-56 - get paper here Boulenger, G.A. 1885. Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) I. Geckonidae, Eublepharidae, Uroplatidae, Pygopodidae, Agamidae. London: 450 pp. - get paper here Boulenger, George A. 1890. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. Taylor & Francis, London, xviii, 541 pp. - get paper here Clark, R. 1990. A report on herpetological observations in Afghanistan. British Herpetological Society Bulletin (33): 20-42 Damadi, Ehsan; Rasoul Karamiani; Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani; Ali Gholamifard 2017. A checklist of lizards from southeastern part of the Sistan and Baluchestan Province in southeastern Iran. Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics, DOI: 10.22067/ijab.v13i1.50398 - get paper here Duméril, A. M. C. and G. Bibron. 1837. Erpétologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Vol. 4. Libr. Encyclopédique Roret, Paris, 570 pp. - get paper here Forcart, Lothar 1950. Amphibien und Reptilien von Iran. Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel 61: 141-156 Frynta,D. et al. 1997. Results of the Czech biological expedition to Iran. Part 1. Notes on the distribution of amphibians and reptiles. Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 61: 3-17 Haas G. and Werner, Y. L. 1969. Lizards and snakes from Southwestern Asia, collected by Henry Field. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 138: 327-406. - get paper here Kafash, Anooshe; Shima Malakoutikhah, Masoud Yousefi, Farhad Ataei, Hamid Heidari, and Eskandar Rastegar-Pouyani 2018. The Gray Toad-headed Agama, Phrynocephalus scutellatus, on the Iranian Plateau: The degree of niche overlap depends on the phylogenetic distance. Zoology in the Middle East 64 (1) - get paper here Khan, M. S. 1999. A checklist and key to the phrynocephalid lizards of Pakistan, with ethnological notes (Squamata: Agamidae). Pakistan J. Zool. 31 (1): 17-24 - get paper here Khan, M.S. 2003. CHECKLIST AND KEY TO THE LIZARDS OF PAKISTAN. Pakistan J. Zool. Suppl. Ser. (1): 1-25 - get paper here Leviton, A.E. 1959. Systematics and Zoogeography of Philippine Snakes. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Leviton, Alan E. 1959. Report on a collection of reptiles from Afghanistan. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 29 (12): 445-463 - get paper here NASRABADI, REZA; NASRULLAH RASTEGAR-POUYANI, ESKANDAR RASTEGAR-POUYANI, AHMAD GHARZI 2017. A revised key to the lizards of Iran (Reptilia: Squamata: Lacertilia). Zootaxa 4227 (3): 431–443 - get paper here Nikolsky, A. M. 1897. Les reptiles, amphibiens et poissons recueillis (part.) Mr. N. Zaroudny dans la Perse orientale [in Russian]. Annuaire Musée Zoologique de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg 2: 306-348 - get paper here Nikolsky, A. M. 1915. Faune de la Russie, Reptiles Vol. 1 Chelonia et Sauria(Reptiles of Russia and adjacent countries. Reptiles (Reptilia) Vol. 1) [in Russian]. Imper. Acad. Sci., Petrograd, 532 pp. [Translated from Russian by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations 1963] Nilson,G. & Andren,C. 1981. Die Herpetofauna des Kavir-Schutzgebietes, Kavir-Wüste, Iran. Salamandra 17 (3-4): 130-146 - get paper here Olivier, G.A. 1807. Voyage dans l’Empire Othoman, l’Egypte et la Perse, Tome III. Agasse, Paris, 566 pp. (4th ed.) - get paper here Olivier, G.A. 1807. Voyage dans l’Empire Othoman, l’Egypte et la Perse, Tome V. Agasse, Paris, 485 pp. (8th ed.) - get paper here RASTEGAR-POUYANI, NASRULLAH; HAJI GHOLI KAMI, MEHDI RAJABZADEH, SOHEILA SHAFIEI AND STEVEN CLEMENT ANDERSON 2008. Annotated Checklist of Amphibians and Reptiles of Iran. Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics 4 (1): 7-30 Schmidt,K.P. 1939. Reptiles and amphibians from Southwestern Asia. Publ. Field Mus. nat. Hist., zool. Ser., 24: 49-92 - get paper here Sindaco, R. & Jeremcenko, V.K. 2008. The reptiles of the Western Palearctic. Edizioni Belvedere, Latina (Italy), 579 pp. - get paper here ŠMÍD, JIŘÍ; JIŘÍ MORAVEC, PETR KODYM, LUKÁŠ KRATOCHVÍL, SEYYED SAEED HOSSEINIAN YOUSEFKHANI, ESKANDAR RASTEGAR-POUYANI & DANIEL FRYNTA 2014. Annotated checklist and distribution of the lizards of Iran. Zootaxa 3855 (1): 001–097 - get paper here Smith, M.A. 1935. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Reptiles and Amphibia, Vol. II. Sauria. Taylor and Francis, London, 440 pp.
External links	National Center for Biotechnology Information Google images Profile of Phrynocephalus scutellatus on Reptarium

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