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Phrynosoma ornatissimum GIRARD, 1858

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Higher TaxaPhrynosomatidae, Phrynosomatinae, Phrynosomatini; Iguania, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Desert Short-horned Lizard [ornatissimum]
G: Wüsten-Kurzhorn-Krötenechse [ornatissimum] 
SynonymPhrynosoma (Tapaya) ornatissima GIRARD 1858: 396
Phrynosoma ornatissima — COPE 1871: 305
Phrynosoma Douglassi subsp. ornatissima COPE 1878: 49
Phrynosoma douglassi — GENTRY 1885: 140 (part)
Phrynosoma douglassii hernandesi — COPE 1900: 413 (part)
Phrynosoma douglassii ornatissimum — COPE 1900: 415
Phrynosoma douglassii ornatissimum VAN DENBURGH 1922: 377
Phrynosoma douglassii hernandesi — VAN DENBURGH 1922: 382 (part)
Phrynosoma douglassi ornatissimum — KNOWLTON & JANES 1934
Phrynosoma douglassii hernandesi — SMITH 1946: 304 (part)
Phrynosoma douglassii ornatissimum — SMITH 1946: 305
Phrynosoma douglassii ornatissimum — REEVE 1952: 927
Phrynosoma hernandezi — ZAMUDIO et al. 1997: 302 (part)
Phrynosoma ornatissimum ornatissimum — MONTANUCCI 2015: 67
Phrynosoma hernandezi ornatissimum — DE QUEIROZ in CROTHER et al. 2017
Phrynosoma ornatissimum — HEIMES 2022
Phrynosoma ornatissimum — NICHOLSON et al. 2025 
DistributionUSA (New Mexico, Texas)

Type locality: restricted to the Rio Grande Valley at Albuquerque, Bernalillo County, New Mexico  
Reproductionovoviviparous (Lambert & Wiens 2013). 
TypesSyntypes: (3) ANSP 8700-02. Lectotype: USNM 204 (designated by Montanucci 2015: 68);Girard (1858a) described this species on the basis of specimens in the USNM, but he did not designate a type specimen. Other syntypes: USNM 576284 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (ornatissimum): Phrynosoma ornatissimum can be distinguished from other members of the P. douglasii species complex by the following combination of adult characters: (1) snout truncate, 43.8% ± 1.39 (35.2–50%) of orbit to rostral scale distance; (2) rostrofrontal profile rounded or angular with a steep incline; (3) frontal rim well elevated above the occipital shelf; (4) enlarged frontal rim scales 3.20 ± 0.16 (2–4) / 3.21 ± 0.21 (2–4); (5) temporal shelf moderately long, 22.9% ± 0.98 (16.7–28.4%) in males, 23.1% ± 0.68 (17.9–30.0%) in females; (6) temporal shelf weakly to moderately convex; (7) cephalic horns moderately short, third temporal horn length 13.9% ± 0.41 (10.5– 16.7%); (8) cephalic horns elevated (ca. 45°) to nearly vertical; (9) tympanum elliptic, moderately broad; (10) tympanum exposed; (11) tail short, 193% ± 4.51 (139–224%) in males, 160% ± 3.16 (118–196%) in females; (12) dorsal spots large, rounded; (13) discrete white and/or yellow line along medial and posterior edges of each dorsal spot; (14) dorsolateral white spots present; (15) gular area with melanistic spots and short lines forming a series of chevrons or wavy transverse bands (melanin-dispersed phase); (16) abdomen with scattered gray flecks and patches, no large melanistic spots (melanin-dispersed phase); (17) melanistic subcaudal bands absent (melanin- dispersed phase) [MONTANUCCI 2015].


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CommentSubspecies: The former subspecies P. d. brevirostre, ornatissimum, and P. d. ornatum have been synonymized with P. hernandesi by Zamudio et al. 1997 but brevirostris and ornatissimum were revalidated by Montanucci 2015 but Leaché et al. 2021 merged bauri and brevirostris into hernandesi. Based on geography and morphological similarities (Montanucci, 2015), it is likely P. o. brachycercum will be verified as conspecific with P. ornatissimum (Leaché et al. 2021).

Hybridization: Phrynosoma hernandesi hybridizes with P. ornatissimum in Arizona and with P. bauri in Colorado (Montanucci 2015).

Habitat: montane

Group: Belongs to the Tapaja clade fide LEACHE & MCGUIRE 2006.

Distribution: see maps in Montanucci 2015: 154 ff and Leaché et al. 2021: 3 (fig. 1 and Supplementary Figure S5).

Synonymy: after Montanucci 2015. Köhler 2021 also included the following species as synonym of Phrynosoma hernandesi: Phrynosoma ornatissima, Phrynosoma brevirostris, Phrynosoma douglassii brachycercum, Phrynosoma bauri, and Phrynosoma diminutum. Köhler 2021 synonymized Phrynosoma ornatissimum and brachycercum with Phrynosoma hernandesi hernandesi. 
EtymologyP. h. ornatissimum was nameda after the Latin word ornatus –a – um, (participle of the verb orno), with the neuter superlative suffix,-issimum, meaning “the most highly adorned” or “...decorated” or “... embellished.” 
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