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Phrynosoma ditmarsi STEJNEGER, 1906

IUCN Red List - Phrynosoma ditmarsi - Data Deficient, DD
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Higher TaxaPhrynosomatidae, Phrynosomatinae, Phrynosomatini; Iguania, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Rock Horned Lizard
S: Camaleón de Roca 
SynonymPhrynosoma ditmarsi STEJNEGER 1906
Phrynosoma ditmarsi — SMITH & TAYLOR 1950: 104
Phrynosoma ditmarsi — LINER 1994
Phrynosoma ditmarsi — PIANKA & VITT 2003: 161
Phrynosoma hernandesi ditmarsi — KÖHLER 2021
Phrynosoma ditmarsi — HEIMES 2022 
DistributionMexico (Sonora)

Type locality: State of Sonora, not far from the boundary of Arizona.  
Reproductionovovivparous (Lambert & Wiens 2013). 
TypesHolotype: USNM 36022 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (2018 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentHabitat: montane

Group: Belongs to the Tapaja clade fide LEACHE & MCGUIRE 2006.

Phylogenetics: P. ditmarsi shows a strong discrepancy between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA phylogenies. In a mitochondrial tree the species nests within a larger “hernandesi” clade, but in a nuclear tree it is clearly a separate clade (Leaché et al. 2021).

Diet: With 11% of its diet being ants this species seems to be the least dependent and specialized on ants (Fabian 2014). 
EtymologyNamed after Dr. Raymond Lee Ditmars (1876-1942), Curator of Reptiles at the Bronx Zoo, New York (1899-). Ditmars also worked in the Department of Entomology at the American Museum of Natural History (1893-1897) and as a reporter for the New York Times (1898). 
References
  • Aguilar-Morales, Cecilia and Thomas R. Van Devender 2018. Horned Lizards (Phrynosoma) of Sonora, Mexico: Distribution and Ecology. Sonoran Herpetologist 31 (3): 40-50 - get paper here
  • Baur, B. 1986. Die Felsen-Krötenechse. Herpetofauna 8 (40): 27 - get paper here
  • Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins, and Michael Grayson 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA - get paper here
  • Burkhardt, Timothy R. and Scott Trageser. 2015. Geographic Distribution: Phrynosoma ditmarsi (rock horned lizard). Herpetological Review 46 (1): 60 - get paper here
  • Enderson, Erik F.; Thomas R. Van Devender, Robert L. Bezy 2014. Amphibians and reptiles of Yécora, Sonora and the Madrean Tropical Zone of the Sierra Madre Occidental in northwestern Mexico. Check List 10 (4): 913-926 - get paper here
  • Fabian, B. F 2014. Überlegungen zur Ernährung von Krötenechsen. Reptilia (Münster) 19 (107): 24-29
  • Heimes, P. 2022. LIZARDS OF MEXICO - Part 1 Iguanian lizards. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt Am Main, 448 pp. - get paper here
  • Hodges W L. 1995. Phrynosoma ditmarsi. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles (614): 1-3. - get paper here
  • Jones, L.L. & Lovich, R.E. 2009. Lizards of the American Southwest. A photographic field guide. Rio Nuevo Publishers, Tucson, AZ, 568 pp. [review in Reptilia 86: 84] - get paper here
  • Lambert, Shea M. and John J. Wiens 2013. EVOLUTION OF VIVIPARITY: A PHYLOGENETIC TEST OF THE COLD-CLIMATE HYPOTHESIS IN PHRYNOSOMATID LIZARDS. Evolution 67 (9): 2614–2630 - get paper here
  • Leaché AD, Davis HR, Singhal S, Fujita MK, Lahti ME and Zamudio KR 2021. Phylogenomic Assessment of Biodiversity Using a Reference-Based Taxonomy: An Example With Horned Lizards (Phrynosoma). Front. Ecol. Evol. 9:678110 - get paper here
  • Leaché, Adam D. and Jimmy A. McGuire 2006. Phylogenetic relationships of horned lizards (Phrynosoma ) based on nuclear and mitochondrial data: Evidence for a misleading mitochondrial gene tree. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39 (3): 628-644 - get paper here
  • Lemos-Espinal JA, Smith GR, Rorabaugh JC 2019. A conservation checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Sonora, Mexico, with updated species lists. ZooKeys 829: 131-160 - get paper here
  • Lowe, Charles H., Jr;Robinson, Michael D.;Roth, Vincent D. 1971. A population of Phrynosoma ditmarsi from Sonora, Mexico. Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science 6 (4): 275-277 - get paper here
  • Meyers, J.J.; Herrel, A. & Nishikawa, K. 2006. Morphological correlates of ant eating in horned lizards (Phrynosoma). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 89: 13–24 - get paper here
  • Molina-Padilla, G; Van Devender, T R & Salazar-Martínez, J A; 2019. Geographic Distribution: Phrynosoma ditmarsi (Rock Horned Lizard) Mexico: Sonora: Municipality of Bacoachi. Herpetological Review 50 (3): 527 - get paper here
  • Pianka, E.R. & Vitt, L.J. 2003. Lizards - Windows to the Evolution of Diversity. University of California Press, Berkeley, 347 pp. [review in Copeia 2004: 955] - get paper here
  • Powell, G. L. and A. P. Russell 2023. The horns of horned lizards (Phrynosomatidae: Phrynosoma): the long road to their conceptualization as unique lacertilian features with individual identity. Bibliotheca Herpetologica 17(10):86–107 - get paper here
  • Presch,W. 1969. Evolutionary osteology and relationships of the horned lizard genus Phrynosoma (family Iguanidae). Copeia 1969 (2): 250-275 - get paper here
  • Reeder,T.W. & Montanucci,R.R. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of the horned lizards (Phrynomomatidae: Phrynosoma): evidence from mitochondrial DNA and morphology. Copeia 2001 (2): 309-323 - get paper here
  • Roth, V.D. 1997. Ditmars' Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma ditmarsi) or the case of the lost lizard. Sonoran Herpetologist 10 (1):2-6. - get paper here
  • Sherbrooke, Wade C. 2003. Introduction to Horned Lizards of North America. University of California Press, Berkeley, 178 pp. - get paper here
  • Sherbrooke, Wade C.; Dale S. Turner, Guillermo Molina-Padilla, José Abel Salazar-Martínez & Thomas R. Van Devender 2024. NATURAL HISTORY PATTERNS AND REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF AN ENDEMIC HORNED LIZARD (PHRYNOSOMA DITMARSI) IN SONORA, MEXICO The Southwestern Naturalist Jun 2024 Vol. 68, No. 2: 75-85 - get paper here
  • Sherbrooke, Wade C.;Martin, Brent E.;Lowe, Charles H. 1998. Geographic Distribution. Phrynosoma ditmarsi. Herpetological Review 29 (2): 110-111 - get paper here
  • Smith, Hobart M. 1946. Handbook of Lizards: Lizards of the United States and of Canada. Comstock, Ithaca, NY, xxii + 557 pp.
  • Stejneger, Leonhard 1906. A new lizard of the genus Phrynosoma, from Mexico. Proc. US Natl. Mus. 29 (1437): 565-567 - get paper here
  • Turner, D. S., T. R. Van Devender, H. Silva-Kurumiya, N. León Del Castillo, C. Hedgcock, C. Roll, M. Wilson, and F. I. Ochoa-Gutierrez. 2017. Distribution of Phrynosoma ditmarsi Stejneger, 1906, with notes on habitat and morphology. 2017. Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(4): 979–985 - get paper here
  • Turner, D. S., Van Devender, T. R., Hale, S. F., Zach, R., Martínez, R., Van Devender, R. W., ... & Paholski, C. 2022. Amphibians and reptiles of Rancho Las Playitas area, Sonora, Mexico. Sonoran Herpetologist, 35, 50-59 - get paper here
 
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