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Phymaturus spurcus BARBOUR, 1921

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Higher TaxaLiolaemidae, Iguania, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Climber lizard [agilis]
S: Lagarto trepador [agilis] 
SynonymPhymaturus spurcus BARBOUR 1921: 139
Phymaturus spurcus — LOBO & QUINTEROS 2005
Phymaturus excelsus LOBO & QUINTEROS 2005
Phymaturus spectabilis LOBO & QUINTEROS 2005
Phymaturus agilis SCOLARO, IBARGÜENGOYTÍA & PINCHEIRA-DONOSO 2008
Phymaturus agilis — SCROCCHI et al. 2010: 170
Phymaturus excelsus — SCROCCHI et al. 2010: 179
Phymaturus spurcus — SCROCCHI et al. 2010: 189
Phymaturus agilis — AVILA et al. 2011
Phymaturus spectabilis — PEREZ et al. 2011
Phymaturus agilis — AVILA et al. 2013
Phymaturus agilis — AVILA et al. 2014
Phymaturus agilis — SCOLARO et al. 2016
Phymaturus excelsus — BECKER et al. 2018
Phymaturus spectabilis — BORETTO et al. 2020 
DistributionArgentina (Río Negro).

Type locality: Huanuluan, Río Negro Province, Argentina (41° 22’ S, 69° 52’ W).

agilis: Argentina (Patagonia, Rio Negro); Type locality: rocky tableland (41º 25’ 40’’ S; 69º 45’ 07’’ W; 1030 m elevation), neighbour Provincial road 6 south of Ingeniero Jacobacci, Rio Negro Province, Argentina.

excelsus: Argentina (Rio Negro); Type locality: Ruta prov. 6, 1 km NW of Ojo de Agua, Dpto. Ñorquinco, Rio Negro, Argentina. 41°32’30”S; 69°51’33”W; 1141 m elevation.

spectabilis: Argentina (Rio Negro); Type locality: 28 km south of Ingeniero Jacobacci, Rio Negro province, Argentine (on Provintial Road 6) [41° 27’ S, 69° 46’ W]  
Reproductionovoviviparous. As P. patagonicus is a facultative parthenogenetic species [Chiszar et al, HR 30: 98], P. spurcus and others in the group may be too. 
TypesHolotype: MCZ 14791, male; paratypes: MCZ
Holotype: MCN 1582. L. Avila & M. Morando, collectors [excelsus]
Holotype: MCN 1203. C. Abdala, F. Lobo, I. Martínez Oliver, and S. Quinteros, collectors [spectabilis]
Holotype: MLP.R. 5343, adult male. Collected by J.A. Scolaro and O.F. Tappari, 10 March 2006. [agilis] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (spurcus) in LOBO & QUINTEROS 2005.


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CommentSynonymy: Removed from synonymy of P. patagonicus by LOBO & QUINTEROS 2005. Phymaturus agilis is a brown color morph of P. spectabilis (fide Lobo et al. 2010). Becker et al. 2018 conclude that P. agilis, P. excelsus, P. spectabilis and P. spurcus compose a single highly structured species, effectively synonymizing them. This is supported by the observation that a large proportion of P. spectabilis females gave birth in captivity to P. agilis offspring, and vice versa (Becker et al. 2018).

Diet: herbivorous

This species belongs to the patagonicus group (fide LOBO et al. 2010) or the spurcus group (MORANDO et al. 2013).

The group sharing the same DNA bar codes formed by Phymaturus spurcus, Phymaturus spectabilis, Phymaturus excelsus, and Phymaturus agilis), are differentiated by low genetic distances which may be attributable to the presence of one species with high polymorphism (Corbalán et al. 2016).

Distribution: for a map of the spurcus group see MORANDA et al. 2013.

Sympatry: P. excelsus is syntopic with Phymaturus spurcus.

NCBI taxon ID: 1260052 [excelsus]
NCBI taxon ID: 1260052 [spectabilis] 
EtymologyNamed after the Latin “spurcus” for “dirty”, referring to its unicolor brown pattern.

Phymaturus excelsus is Latin for “distinguished”, which describes the peculiar and distinct pattern exhibited by these lizards.

The epithet spectabilis is Latin and means “notable, showy” in reference to the distinct pattern of dorsal occellations in this new species.

The specific name agilis refers to the ability of this lizard to climb and forage on large Lycium spp. (~ 2–3 m) shrubs, an unusual behaviour in the genus Phymaturus. 
References
  • Abdala, Cristian Simón; Quinteros, Andres Sebastian 2014. Los últimos 30 años de estudios de la familia de lagartijas más diversa de Argentina. Actualización taxonómica y sistemática de Liolaemidae. Cuad. herpetol. 28 (2): 55-82 - get paper here
  • Avila, Luciano J.; Andrea González Marín, Jaime Troncoso-Palacios, Kevin Imanol Sánchez, Cristian Hernán Fulvio Pérez, and Mariana Morando 2020. Naming the Diversity: Taxonomy of Current Species of Patagonian Lizards. In: Morando & Avila (eds.), Lizards of Patagonia. Springer Nature, pp. 123-188 - get paper here
  • AVILA, LUCIANO JAVIER; CRISTIAN HERNAN FULVIO PEREZ, DANIEL ROBERTO PEREZ & MARIANA MORANDO 2011. Two new mountain lizard species of the Phymaturus genus (Squamata: Iguania) from northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 2924: 1–21 - get paper here
  • Avila, Luciano Javier; Cristian Hernan Fulvio Perez, IGNACIO MINOLI & Mariana Morando 2014. A new lizard of the Phymaturus genus (Squamata: Liolaemidae) from Sierra Grande, northeastern Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 3793 (1): 099–118 - get paper here
  • AVILA, LUCIANO JAVIER; LORENA ELIZABETH MARTINEZ & MARIANA MORANDO 2013. Checklist of lizards and amphisbaenians of Argentina: an update. Zootaxa 3616 (3): 201–238 - get paper here
  • Barbour, Thomas 1921. On a small collection of reptiles from Argentina. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 34: 139-142 - get paper here
  • Becker, Leandro A; Jorgelina M Boretto; Facundo Cabezas-Cartes; Sebastián Márquez; Erika Kubisch; José A Scolaro; Barry Sinervo; Nora R Ibargüengoytía 2018. An integrative approach to elucidate the taxonomic status of five species of Phymaturus Gravenhorst, 1837 (Squamata: Liolaemidae) from northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, zly043 - get paper here
  • Boretto, Jorgelina M.; Facundo Cabezas-Cartes, Erika L. Kubisch, Barry Sinervo, and Nora R. <br />Ibargüengoytía 2014. Changes in Female Reproduction and Body Condition in an Endemic Lizard, Phymaturus spectabilis, following the Puyehue Volcanic Ashfall Event. Herp. Cons. Biol. 9 (1): - get paper here
  • Boretto, Jorgelina M.; Jimena B. Fernández, Facundo Cabezas-Cartes, Marlin S. Medina, and Nora R. Ibargüengoytía 2020. Reproductive Biology of Lizards from Patagonia, Argentina: Physiological and Behavioral Adaptations to Cold and Harsh Environments. In: Morando & Avila (eds.), Lizards of Patagonia. Springer Nature, pp. 335-372 - get paper here
  • Burt,C.E. & Burt,M.D. 1931. South American lizards in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History. Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist. 61 (7): 227-395 - get paper here
  • Cabezas-Cartes, F.; J. M. Boretto, M. Halloy, J. D. Krenz and N. R. Ibargüengoytía 2017. Maternal behaviour in response to predation threats in a vulnerable lizard from Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Zoology; DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12502 - get paper here
  • Cabezas-Cartes, Facundo. 2013. Phymaturus spectabilis predation. Herpetological Review 44 (4): 679 - get paper here
  • Cabezas-Cartes, Facundo; Boretto, Jorgelina M.; Ibarg?engoyt?a, Nora R. 2015. Age, growth and life-history parameters of an endemic vulnerable lizard from Patagonia, Argentina. The Herpetological Journal 25 (4): 215-224 - get paper here
  • Cei, J.M. 1986. Reptiles del centro, centro-oeste y sur de la Argentina; herpetofauna de las zonas aridas y semiaridas. Mus. Regionale di Sci. Natur., Torino, Monogr. 4: 527 pp.
  • Cei,J.M. 1971. Consideraciones sobre las relaciones taxonomicas de Phymaturus patagonicus y Phymaturus palluma. Acta Zoologica Lilloana 28: 37-46
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  • Corbalán, Valeria; Guillermo Deband , José Alejandro Scolaro , and Agustina Ojeda 2016. DNA Barcoding of Phymaturus Lizards Reveals Conflicts in Species Delimitation within the Patagonicus Clade. Journal of Herpetology 50 (4): 654-666 - get paper here
  • Ibargüengoytía, Nora R.; Erika Kubisch, Facundo Cabezas-Cartes, Jimena B. Fernández, Fernando Duran, Carla Piantoni, Marlin S. Medina, and Barry Sinervo 2020. Effects of Acute and Chronic Environmental Disturbances on Lizards of Patagonia. In: Morando & Avila (eds.), Lizards of Patagonia. Springer Nature, pp. 373-406 - get paper here
  • Koslowsky,J. 1898. Enumeración sistemática y distribución geográfica de los reptiles argentinos. Rev. Mus. La Plata 8: 161-200 - get paper here
  • Lobo, F. and S. Quinteros 2005. Taxonomic studies of the genus Phymaturus (Iguania: Liolaemidae): Redescription of Phymaturus patagonicus Koslowsky 1898, and revalidation and redescription of Phymaturus spurcus Barbour 1921. Journal of Herpetology 39 (4): 533-540 - get paper here
  • Lobo, F. and S. Quinteros 2005. A MORPHOLOGY-BASED PHYLOGENY OF PHYMATURUS (IGUANIA: LIOLAEMIDAE) WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF FOUR NEW SPECIES FROM ARGENTINA. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 45(13):143-177 - get paper here
  • Lobo, Fernando; Cristian Abdala and Soledad Valdecantos 2010. Taxonomic Studies of the Genus Phymaturus (Iguania: Liolaemidae): Description of Four New Species. South American J. Herp. 5 (2):102-126 - get paper here
  • LOBO, FERNANDO; CRISTIAN ABDALA & SOLEDAD VALDECANTOS 2012. Morphological diversity and phylogenetic relationships within a South-American clade of iguanian lizards (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus). Zootaxa 3315: 1–41 - get paper here
  • Lobo, Fernando; Cruz, Félix Benjamín;Abdala, Cristian Simón 2012. Multiple lines of evidence show that Phymaturus agilis Scolaro, Ibargüengoytía & Pincheira-Donoso, 2008 is a junior synonym of Phymaturus spectabilis Lobo & Quinteros, 2005. Cuadernos de Herpetología 26 (1): - get paper here
  • Lobo, Fernando; Diego A. Barrasso, Marcos Paz and Néstor G. Basso 2018. Phylogenetic relationships within a patagonian clade of reptiles (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus) based on DNA sequences and morphology. J Zool Syst, DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12221 - get paper here
  • Morando, Mariana; Luciano J. Avila, Cristian H.F. Perez, Monty A. Hawkins, Jack W. Sites 2013. A molecular phylogeny of the lizard genus Phymaturus (Squamata, Liolaemini): Implications for species diversity and historical biogeography of southern South America. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 66 (3): 694-714 - get paper here
  • Perez, C.H.F.; N. Frutos; M. Kozykariski; M. Morando; D.R. Perez; L.J. Avila. 2011. Lizards of Rio Negro Province, northern Patagonia, Argentina. Check List 7 (3): 202-219 - get paper here
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  • Piantoni, Carla; Ibargüengoytía, Nora R.; Cussac, Victor E. 2006. Age and growth of the Patagonian lizard Phymaturus patagonicus. Amphibia-Reptilia 27 (3): 385-392 - get paper here
  • Scolaro, J. A. and O. F. Tappari. 2009. Una nueva especie del género Phymaturus del “grupo patagonicus” en los afloramientos rocosos del sudoeste de la provincia de Rio Negro, Patagonia Argentina (Reptilia: Iguania: Liolaemidae). Naturalia Patagónica, 4: 81–94
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  • Scolaro, J.A. & Pincheira-Donoso, D. 2010. Lizards at the end of the world: Two new species of Phymaturus of the patagonicus clade (Squamata, Liolaemidae) revealed in southern Patagonia of Argentina. Zootaxa 2393: 17–32 - get paper here
  • Scolaro, J.A.; Ibargüengoytía, Nora & Pincheira-Donoso, D. 2008. When starvation challenges the tradition of niche conservatism: On a new species of the saxicolous genus Phymaturus from Patagonia Argentina with pseudoarboreal foraging behaviour (Iguania, Liolaemidae). Zootaxa 1786: 48–60 - get paper here
  • SCOLARO, JOSÉ ALEJANDRO; FAUSTO MÉNDEZ DE LA CRUZ & NORA R. IBARGÜENGOYTÍA 2012. A new species of Phymaturus of the patagonicus clade (Squamata, Liolaemidae) from isolated plateau of southwestern Rio Negro Province, Argentina. Zootaxa 3451: 17–30 - get paper here
  • Scolaro, José Alejandro; Valeria Corbalán, Osvaldo Fabián Tappari and Lorena Obregón Streitenberger 2016. LIZARDS AT THE END OF THE WORLD: A NEW MELANIC SPECIES OF PHYMATURUS OF THE PATAGONICUS CLADE FROM ROCKY OUTCROPS IN THE NORTHWESTERN STEPPE OF CHUBUT PROVINCE, PATAGONIA ARGENTINA (REPTILIA: IGUANIA: LIOLAEMIDAE). Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile, 65: 137-152
  • Scrocchi, Gustavo J.; Cristian S. Abdala,Javier Nori, Hussam Zaher 2010. Reptiles de la provincia de Río Negro, Argentina. Fondo Ed. Rionegrino, 249 pp.
  • Sinervo, Alejandro J. Scolaro, and Nora R. Ibargüengoytía 2014. Reproductive Biology of Phymaturus spectabilis (Liolaemidae): Females Skip Reproduction in Cold and Harsh Environments of Patagonia, Argentina. Herp. Cons. Biol. 9 (1): - get paper here
  • Tulli, M.J.; F.B. Cruz, A. Herrel, B. Vanhooydonck, V. Abdala 2009. The interplay between claw morphology and microhabitat use in neotropical iguanian lizards. Zoology 112 (5): 379-392 - get paper here
  • Winchell, S. 2010. Die Reptilien Argentiniens. Reptilia (Münster) 15 (83): 20-27 - get paper here
 
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