Podocnemis erythrocephala SPIX, 1824

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Higher Taxa	Podocnemididae, Pelomedusoidea, Pleurodira, Testudines (turtles)
Subspecies
Common Names	E: Red-headed Amazon Side-necked Turtle Portuguese: Calalumã, Irapuca
Synonym	Emys cayennensis SCHWEIGGER 1812 (part.) Emys erythrocephala SPIX 1824: 9 Emys bitentaculata CUVIER in GRAY 1830: 17 Emys enythrocephala [sic] — SCHINZ 1833 Podocnemis agassizii COUTINHO in GÖLDI 1886: 277 Podocnemis coutinhii GÖLDI 1886: 279 (nom. nov.) Podocnemis dumeriliana — BOULENGER 1889 (partim) Podocnemis cayennensis — SIEBENROCK 1902 Podocnemis erythrocephala — FRAIR et al. 1978 Podocnemis erythrocephala — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989: 24 Podocnemis erythrocephala — GORZULA & SEÑARIS 1999 Podocnemis erythrocephala — TTWG 2014 Podocnemis erythrocephala — TTWG 2021
Distribution	Colombia (Rio Negro and Rio Casiquiare drainages), Venezuela, Brazil (Pará [HR 31: 253]) Type locality: "Rio Solimoens" (=Rio Solimoes), South America, most probably Brazil; but Vanzolini 1981 (in: Spix and Wagler 1824-1825) believes the Rio Solimoes is outside the species range.
Reproduction	oviparous. Exhibits temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD) fide Cornejo-Páramo et al. 2020 (and references therein).
Types	Holotype: ZSM 2517/0
Diagnosis	Additional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (2425 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details.
Comment	SPIX 1824 is the original describer according to KING & BURKE 1989. Synonymy: BAUR (1893) considered this species as a synonym of Podocnemis unifilis. Called Podocnemis cayennensis by most authors until nomenclature was clarified by Mittermeier and Wilson 1974. Habitat: freshwater (Rivers and tributaries)
Etymology	Named after the Greek words “erythros” (= red) and cephale = “head”, for the reddish head color.
References	Aciole, A N S; Miorando, P S & Andrade, P C M; 2019. Podocnemis erythrocephala (Red-headed River Turtle) Unusual nests. Herpetological Review 50 (3): 562 - get paper here Baur, G. 1893. Notes on the classification and taxonomy of the Testudinata. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 31: 210-225 - get paper here Bernardes, VirgÍnia Campos Diniz; Camila Rudge Ferrara, Richard C. Vogt, and Larissa Schneider 2014. Abundance and Population Structure of Podocnemis erythrocephala (Testudines, Podocnemididae) in the Unini River, Amazonas. Chelonian Conservation and Biology Jul 2014, Vol. 13, No. 1: 89-95. - get paper here Bernhard, R., Bernhard, R. M. L. & Vogt, R. C. 2012. Podocnemis erythrocephala (red-headed Amazone river turtle) kyphosis. Herpetological Review 43: 639 - get paper here Bernhard, Rafael and Richard C. Vogt 2012. Population Structure of the Turtle Podocnemis erythrocephala in the Rio Negro Basin, Brazil. Herpetologica 68 (4): 491-504. - get paper here Bonin, F., Devaux, B. & Dupré, A. 2006. Turtles of the World. English translation by P.C.H. Pritchard. Johns Hopkins University Press, 416 pp. Bour, R. 2008. Global diversity of turtles (Chelonii; Reptilia) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595:593–598 - get paper here Bour, Roger 2006. Types of Podocnemidae in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Emys 13 (1): 27-40 Cardoso dos Santos, Rafaela; Maria das Neves Silva Viana, Luíz Alberto dos Santos Monjeló, Paulo César Machado Andrade, Jackson Pantoja-Lima, Paulo Henrique Guimarães Oliveira, Richard C. Vogt, Juarez Carlos Brito Pezzuti, Jack W. Sites, Tomas Hrbek, 2016. Testing the Effects of Barriers on the Genetic Connectivity in Podocnemis erythrocephala (Red-Headed Amazon River Turtle): Implications for Management and Conservation. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 15 (1): 12-22. - get paper here Cornejo-Páramo, P., Lira-Noriega, A., Ramírez-Suástegui, C. et al. 2020. Sex determination systems in reptiles are related to ambient temperature but not to the level of climatic fluctuation. BMC Evol Biol 20: 103 - get paper here Da Cunha, Fernando Lima Rodrigues, Rafael Bernhard and Richard C. Vogt. 2014. Podocnemis erythrocephala, Podocnemis expansa, Podocnemis sextuberculata, Podocnemis unifilis (red-headed Amazon River turtle, giant South American River turtle, six-tubercled Amazon River turtle, yellow-spotted Amazon River turtle) coexistence. Herpetological Review 45 (2): 319 - get paper here Ernst,C.H. and Barbour,R.W. 1989. Turtles of the World. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. - London Frair, W.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Rhodin, A.G.J. 1978. Blood biochemistry and relations among Podocnemis turtles (Pleurodira, Pelomedusidae). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 61B: 139-143 - get paper here Gaffney, Eugene S.; Peter A. Meylan, Roger C. Wood, Elwyn Simons, and Diogenes De Almeida Campos 2011. Evolution of the Side-Necked Turtles: The Family Podocnemididae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (350): 1-237 - get paper here Goeldi, E. A. 1886. Ueber eine vermuthlich neue Schildkröte der Gattung Podocnemis vom Rio Negro und über die Chelonier des Amazonas-Gebietes im Allgemeinen. St. Gallische Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, Bericht über die Thätigheit 1884–1885 [1886]: 273–280 Gonzalez R. C. et al. 2020. Lista dos Nomes Populares dos Répteis no Brasil – Primeira Versão. Herpetologia Brasileira 9 (2): 121 – 214 - get paper here Gorzula, Stefan & Senaris, J. Celsa 1999. In: Contribution to the herpetofauna of the Venezuelan Guayana. I: a data base. Scientia Guaianae, Caracas, No. 8 [1998], 269+ pp.; ISBN 980-6020-48-0 Gray, J. E. 1830. Spicilegia Zoologica. Part 2. Treüttel, Würtz, London Herz, M. 2014. Begegnungen mit Schildkröten im venezolanischen Bundesstaat Amazonas. Teil 1: Wasserschildkröten. Reptilia (Münster) 19 (110): 52-59 Hoogmoed, M. S.;Avila-Pires, T. C. S. de 1990. New distribution data for Podocnemis erythrocephala (Spix) with remarks on some other turtle taxa (Reptilia: Chelonia: Pelomedusidae). Zoologische Mededelingen 64: 21-24 - get paper here Hoogmoed,M.S. and Gruber,U. 1983. Spix and Wagler type specimens of reptiles and amphibians in the Natural History Musea in Munich (Germany) and Leiden (The Netherlands). Spixiana Suppl. 9: 319-415 - get paper here Magalhães, Marcela S.; Richard C. Vogt, José Fernando M. Barcellos, Carlos Eduardo B. Moura, and Ronis Da Silveira 2014. Morphology of the Digestive Tube of the Podocnemididae in the Brazilian Amazon. Herpetologica Dec 2014, Vol. 70, No. 4: 449-463. - get paper here MENDES-PINTO, TELÊMACO JASON; Mestrando, BERNHARD, RAFAEL, VOGT, RICHARD; PEDRETT, RONNEZZA CÉLLIA LOBATO CAMPOS;GARCIA, RAUBER SANTOS 2011. A COLLECTION OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH OF THE AMAZON. Rev. Colombiana cienc. Anim. 3(2): 238 - get paper here Mittermeier, R.A., and R.A. Wilson. 1974. Redescription of Podocnemis erythrocephala (Spix, 1824), and Amazonian pelomedusid turtle. Pap. Avul. Zool., Sao Paulo 28:147-162. - get paper here Morato, Sérgio Augusto Abrahão; Guilherme Nunes Ferreira; Michela Rossane Cavilha Scupino (eds.) 2018. Herpetofauna da Amazônia Central: Estudos na FLONA de Saracá-Taquera. Curitiba, Pr: STCP Engenharia de Projetos Ltda.; Porto Trombetas, Pa: MRN – Mineração Rio do Norte S.A., 2018.<br>210p. - get paper here Pritchard, P.C.H., and P. Trebbau. 1984. The Turtles of Venezuela. SSAR Contributions to Herpetology 2: viii + 402 pp. RIVAS, GILSON A.; CÉSAR R. MOLINA, GABRIEL N. UGUETO, TITO R. BARROS, CÉSAR L. BAR- RIO-AMORÓS & PHILIPPE J. R. KOK 2012. Reptiles of Venezuela: an updated and commented checklist. Zootaxa 3211: 1–64 - get paper here Schweigger, A.F. 1812. Prodromus Monographia Cheloniorum auctore Schweigger. Königsberg. Arch. Naturwiss. Mathem., 1: 271-368, 406-458. Spix, J.B. and J.G. Wagler 1824. Herpetology of Brazil. Facsimile Reprints in Herpetology, Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 400 pp. TTWG [Peter Paul van Dijk, John B. Iverson, Anders G.J. Rhodin, H. Bradley Shaffer, and Roger Bour] 2014. Turtles of the World, 7th Edition: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution with Maps, and Conservation Status. 000.v7. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v7.2014 - get paper here TTWG; Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R., Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., and van Dijk, P.P. 2021. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (9th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Chelonian Research Monographs 8:1–472. doi:10.3854/crm.8.checklist.atlas.v9.2021. - get paper here
External links	IUCN Red List National Center for Biotechnology Information http://www.chelonia.org/podocnemis_gallery.htm http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_browseimgs… Google images

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