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Polemon graueri (STERNFELD, 1908)

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Higher TaxaAtractaspididae (Aparallactinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Grauer’s Snake-eater 
SynonymMiodon graueri STERNFELD 1908: 94, 244
Miodon collaris graueri — DE WITTE & LAURENT 1947: 77
Miodon collaris graueri — PITMAN 1974
Polemon graueri — SPAWLS et al. 2001: 427
Polemon graueri — WALLACH et al. 2014: 573
Polemon graueri — SPAWLS et al. 2018: 462
Polemon graueri — PORTILLO et al. 2018
Polemon graueri — SPAWLS et al. 2018: 462
Polemon graueri — CHIPPAUX & JACKSON 2019: 181
Polemon graueri — TRAPE 2023: 632 
DistributionUganda, E Democratic Republic of Congo (E Zaire)

Type locality: “Entetbe [= Entebbe], Uganda”  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: ZMB ? 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (603 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentVenomous!

Synonyms: all 3 subspecies are synonyms of fulvicollis (fide V. WALLACH, pers. comm.) but graueri is phylogenetically quite different from fulvicollis even though morphologically very similar. 
EtymologyNamed after Rudolf Grauer (1870-1927), an Austrian explorer and zoologist who collected in the then Belgian Congo (1909 and 1910-1927). See http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Grauer for more details. 
References
  • Chifundera, K. 1990. Snakes of Zaire and their bites. Afr. Stud. Monogr. (Kyoto) 10(3): 137-157.
  • Chippaux, Jean-Philippe & Kate Jackson 2019. Snakes of Central and Western Africa. Johns Hopkins University Press, 448 pp. [detaileld review in HR 51 (1): 161] - get paper here
  • Chirio, L. & Lebreton, M. 2007. Atlas des reptiles du Cameroun. MNHN, IRD, Paris 688 pp.
  • Kusamba, Chifundera; Alan Resetar, Van Wallach, Kasereka Lulengo and Zoltán T. Nagy. 2013. Mouthful of snake: An African snake-eater’s (Polemon fulvicollis graueri) large typhlopid prey. Herpetology Notes 6: 235-237.
  • Mocquard,M.F. 1887. Sur les ophidiens rapportés du Congo par la Mission de Brazza. Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris (7) 11: 62-92 - get paper here
  • Pauwels, O. S. G., P. Carlino, L. Chirio and J.-L. Albert 2016. Miscellanea Herpetologica Gabonica IV. Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 51: 73 - get paper here
  • Pauwels, O.S.G. & Vande Weghe, J.P. 2008. Les reptiles du Gabon. Smithsonian Institution, Washington: 272 pp. - get paper here
  • Pitman,C.R.S. 1974. A guide to the snakes of Uganda. Codicote, Wheldon & Wesley, L., 290 pp.
  • Portillo, F., Branch, W.R., Conradie, W., Rödel, M-O., Penner, J., Barej, M.F., Kusamba, C., Muninga, W.M., Aristote, M.M., Bauer, A.M., Trape, J-F., Nagy, Z.T., Carlino, P., Pauwels, O.S.G., Menegon, M., Burger, M., Mazuch, T., Jackson, K., Hughes, 2018. Phylogeny and biogeography of the African burrowing snake subfamily Aparallactinae (Squamata: Lamprophiidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution - get paper here
  • Resetar, A.R. & H. MARX 1981. A redescription and generic reallocation of the African colubrid snake Elapocalamus gracilis Boulenger with a discussion of the union of the brille and postocular shield. Journal of Herpetology 15 (1): 83-89. - get paper here
  • Spawls, S.; Howell, K.; Drewes, R.C. & Ashe, J. 2002. A field guide to the reptiles of East Africa. Academic Press, 543 pp. [reviews in HR 34: 396 and Afr. J. Herp. 51; 147] - get paper here
  • Spawls, Steve; Kim Howell, Harald Hinkel, Michele Menegon 2018. Field Guide to East African Reptiles. Bloomsbury, 624 pp. - get paper here
  • Sternfeld, R. 1908. Neue und ungenügend bekannte afrikanische Schlangen. S. Ber. Ges. naturforsch. Freunde Berlin, 4: 92-95 - get paper here
  • Sternfeld, R. 1908. Zur Schlangenfauna Ostafrikas. I. Schlangen aus Süd-Abessinien. II. Schlangen aus Britisch-Ostafrika. III. Schlangen aus Portugiesisch-Ostafrika. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin 4(1): 236–247 - get paper here
  • Trape, J.-F. 2023. Guide des serpents d’Afrique occidentale, centrale et d’Afrique du Nord. IRD Éditions, Marseille, 896 pp.
  • Trape, J.F. & R. ROUX-ESTÈVE 1990. Note sur une collection de serpents du Congo avec description d'une espèce nouvelle. Rev. Zool. Afr. (J. Afr. Zool.) 104: 375-383
  • Trape, J.F. & R. ROUX-ESTÈVE 1995. Les serpents du Congo: liste commentée et clé de détermination. Journal of African Zoology 109 (1): 31-50
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
  • Witte, G. F. de & LAURENT,R.F. 1943. Contribution à la systématique des Boiginae du Congo Belge (Rept.) [and errata slip]. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 37: 157-189
  • Witte, G. F. de & LAURENT,R.F. 1947. Revision d'un groupe de Colubridae africains: genres Calamelaps, Miodon, Aparallactus, et formes affines. Mém. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belgique (sér. 2) 29: 1-134
 
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