Prosymna stuhlmanni (PFEFFER, 1893)

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Higher Taxa	Prosymnidae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies
Common Names	E: East African Shovel-Snout
Synonym	Ligonirostra Stuhlmanni PFEFFER 1893: 78 Prosymna variabilis WERNER 1909 Prosymna ambigua stuhlmanni — LOVERIDGE 1958: 160 Prosymna ambigua stuhlmanni — BROADLEY 1959 Prosymna ambigua stuhlmanni — PIENAAR 1978 Prosymna ambigua stuhlmanni — AUERBACH 1987: 178 Prosymna ambigua stuhlmanni — BOYCOTT 1992 Prosymna stuhlmanni — BROADLEY 1992 Prosymna stuhlmanni — SPAWLS et al. 2002 Prosymna stuhlmannii — MILLER 2009 Prosymna stuhlmanni — JACOBSEN et al. 2010 Prosymna stuhlmannii — WALLACH et al. 2014: 582 Prosymna stuhlmanni — SPAWLS et al. 2018: 425 Prosymna stuhlmanni — STANDER 2023: 287
Distribution	S Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi, Zululand, west to E Zambia, Zimbabwe; Republic of South Africa (Transvaal) ?, Eswatini (Swaziland) elevation 0-5500 feet Type locality: Usambara, Tanzania.
Reproduction	oviparous (not imputed, fide Zimin et al. 2022)
Types	Lectotype: ZMH R07910; Paralectotype ZMB 11008 (Kirchhof et al. 2016). Syntypes: SMNS 4211a and SMNS 4171 [Prosymna variabilis WERNER 1909]
Diagnosis	Unfortunately we had to temporarily remove additional information as this was scraped by multiple AI companies who sell that data to their customers. These details, e.g. detailed descriptions or comparisons (about 2849 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details.
Comment	Synonymy partly after WALLACH (pers. comm.). Diet: lizards such as geckos Distribution: According to Beraduccii et al. (2021), not in South Africa. See IUCN map.
Etymology	Named after the collector of the types, Dr. F. Stuhlmann.
References	Auerbach, R.D. 1987. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Botswana. Mokwepa Consultants, Botswana, 295 pp. Bates, M.F.; Branch, W.R., Bauer, A.M.; Burger, M., Marais, J.; Alexander, G.J. & de Villliers, M.S. (eds.) 2014. Atlas and Red List of the Reptiles of South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland. Suricata 1. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, 512 pp. Bates, Michael F. 2018. Catalogue of reptiles from Mozambique in the collection of the National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa. Indago 34 (2): 135–147 Beraduccii, J., Howell, K., Msuya, C.A. & Ngalason, W. 2021. Prosymna stuhlmanni. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T21584465A21584478 Boycott, R.C. 1992. An Annotated Checklist of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Swaziland. The Conservation Trust of Swaziland - get paper here Branch, William R. 1993. A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik Publishers, 144 S. Broadley D G 1990. The herpetofaunas of the islands off the coast of south Mocambique. Arnoldia Zimbabwe 9 (35): 469-493 Broadley, D. & Blaylock 2013. The Snakes of Zimbabwe and Botswana. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 387 pp. [book review in Sauria 35 (2): 59 and Copeia 2014: 388] - get paper here Broadley, D.G. 1959. The herpetology of Southern Rhodesia. Part I--the snakes. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 120 (1): 1-100 [reprint 1972] - get paper here Broadley, D.G. 1992. Reptiles and amphibians from the Bazaruto Archipelago, Mozambique. Arnoldia Zimbabwe 9 (38): 539-548 Broadley, D.G.; Doria, C.T. & Wigge, J. 2003. Snakes of Zambia. An Atlas and Field Guide. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, 280 pp. [review in Sauria 26 (3): 21] Buruwate, T. C., & Lloyd-Jones, D. J. 2024. Amphibian and Reptile Diversity of Niassa Special Reserve, Northern Mozambique. Journal of East African Natural History, 113(1), 1-18 - get paper here Harport, V. & Reissig, J. 2020. Herpetofauna-Tour im Osten Südafrikas. Elaphe 2020 (5): 34-44 Jacobsen, Niels H.G.; Errol W. Pietersen & Darren W. Pietersen 2010. A preliminary herpetological survey of the Vilanculos Coastal Wildlife Sanctuary on the San Sebastian Peninsula, Vilankulo, Mozambique. Herpetology Notes 3: 181-193 Kirchhof, S., M. Krämer, J. Linden & K. Richter 2010. The reptile species assemblage of the Soutpansberg (Limpopo Province, South Africa) and its characteristics. Salamandra 46 (3): 147-166 - get paper here Kirchhof, Sebastian; Kristin Mahlow & Frank Tillack 2016. The identity of Stenorhabdium temporale Werner, 1909 (Serpentes: Colubroidea). Vertebrate Zoology 66 (2): 179–190 Loveridge,A. 1958. Revision of five african snake genera. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 119: 1-198 (141) - get paper here Lyakurwa, J., Loader, S., Ngalason, W., Gumbs, R., Ofori-Boateng, C. and Liedtke, H. 2024. Kimboza, a Small Lowland Forest With an Outstanding Herpetofauna Diversity in East Africa. Ecol Evol, 14: e70406 - get paper here MILLER, A. 2009. Prosymna stuhlmannii Pfeffer, 1893 - Diet. African Herp News (49): 11-12 - get paper here Pfeffer, G. 1893. Ostafrikanische Reptilien und Amphibien, gesammelt von Herrn Dr. F. Stuhlmann im Jahre 1888 und 1889. Jb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. 10: 71-105. Pietersen, Darren, Verburgt, Luke & Davies, John 2021. Snakes and other reptiles of Zambia and Malawi. Struik Nature / Penguin Random House South Africa, 376 pp., ISBN 9781775847373 Rupert Wilkey & Sarah Nann 2025. Field Guide to the Snakes of Eswatini. Pelagic, 208 pp., DOI: 10.53061/FWDV3720 - get paper here SALES-NUNES, PEDRO M.; ANTOINE FOUQUET, FELIPE F. CURCIO, PHILIPPE J. R. KOK and MIGUEL TREFAUT RODRIGUES 2012. Cryptic species in Iphisa elegans Gray, 1851 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) revealed by hemipenial morphology and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 361–376 October 2012 Volume 166, Issue 2, 361-376 - get paper here Schlüter, A. & Hallermann, J. 1997. The Type Specimens in the Herpetological Collection of the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde in Stuttgart. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturk. Ser. A (553): 1-15 - get paper here Spawls, S.; Howell, K.; Drewes, R.C. & Ashe, J. 2002. A field guide to the reptiles of East Africa. Academic Press, 543 pp. [reviews in HR 34: 396 and Afr. J. Herp. 51; 147] - get paper here Spawls, Stephen; Tomáš Mazuch & Abubakr Mohammad 2023. Handbook of Amphibians and Reptiles of North-east Africa. Bloomsbury, 640 pp. - get paper here Spawls, Steve; Kim Howell, Harald Hinkel, Michele Menegon 2018. Field Guide to East African Reptiles. Bloomsbury, 624 pp. - get paper here Stander, R.I. 2023. The Reptiles of the Limpopo Province and Kruger National Park. Herp Nomad, Polokwane, South Africa, 367 pp. - get paper here Tolley, K.A., Conradie, W., Pietersen, D.W., Weeber, J., Burger, M. & Alexander, G.J. (eds) 2023. Conservation status of the reptiles of South Africa, Eswatini and Lesotho. Suricata 10. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp. Werner,F. 1909. Beschreibung neuer Reptilien aus dem Kgl. Naturalienkabinett in Stuttgart. Jahreshefte Ver. vaterl. Naturk. Württ. 65: 55-63 - get paper here Zimin, A., Zimin, S. V., Shine, R., Avila, L., Bauer, A., Böhm, M., Brown, R., Barki, G., de Oliveira Caetano, G. H., Castro Herrera, F., Chapple, D. G., Chirio, L., Colli, G. R., Doan, T. M., Glaw, F., Grismer, L. L., Itescu, Y., Kraus, F., LeBreton 2022. A global analysis of viviparity in squamates highlights its prevalence in cold climates. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 00, 1–16 - get paper here
External links	IUCN Red List http://www.bio-ken.com/index.php/reptiles-and-amphibians/snakes/category… http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/reptiles/squamata/serpentes/colubridae… https://www.facebook.com/groups/stshc/posts/559903756234227/ Google images

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