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Psammodynastes pulverulentus (BOIE, 1827)

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Higher TaxaPsammodynastidae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
SubspeciesPsammodynastes pulverulentus papenfussi ZHAO 1995
Psammodynastes pulverulentus pulverulentus (BOIE 1827) 
Common NamesE: Common Mock Viper
G: Gewöhnliche Scheinviper, Gewöhnliche Falschviper
Chinese: 紫沙蛇 
SynonymPsammophis pulverulenta H. BOIE in F. BOIE 1827: 547
Dipsas ferruginea CANTOR 1839: 53
Psammophis pulverulentus — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 895
Dipsas ferruginea — BLYTH 1856: 715
Psammodynastes pulverulentus — GÜNTHER 1858: 140
Psammophis floresianus BLEEKER 1859 (nomen nudum)
Psammophis floresianus — BLEEKER 1860
Lycodon bairdii STEINDACHNER 1867: 90
Psammodynastes pulverulentus — BOULENGER 1896: 172
Psammodynastes pulverulentus — SMITH 1943
Anisodon lilljeborgi ROSEN 1905
Psammodynastes pulverulentus — STEJNEGER 1907: 383
Psammodynastes pulverulentus — TAYLOR 1965: 895
Psammodynastes pulverulentus — MANTHEY & GROSSMANN 1997: 379
Psammodynastes pulverulentus — COX et al. 1998: 49
Psammodynastes pulverulentus — ZIEGLER 2002: 248
Psamodynastes pulverulentus pulverulentus — ZHAO 2006
Psamodynastes pulverulentus — DAS et al. 2009 (in error)
Psammodynastes pulverulentus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 585
Psammodynastes pulverulentus pulverulentus — KOCH 2012
Psamodynastes pulverulentus — KADAFI et al. 2020 (in error)
Psaminodynastes pulverulentus — TENZIN et al 2022 (in error)

Psammodynastes pulverulentus papenfussi ZHAO 1995
Psammodynastes pulverulentus papenfussi — RODRIGUEZ-ROBLES et al. 2003
Psammodynastes pulverulentus papenfussi — ZHAO 2006 
DistributionBangladesh, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, China (Fujian, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan), Hong Kong
NE India (Assam, Mizoram, Sikkim, Darjelling; Arunachal Pradesh [A. Captain, pers. comm.], Andhra Pradesh), Bhutan,
Indonesia (Bali, Bangka, Borneo, Butung, Enggano, Flores, Java, Kalimantan, Komodo, Lombok, Mentawai Archipelago, Natuna Archipelago, Padar, Riau Archipelago, Rinca, Sangihe Archipelago, Sulawesi, Sula Archipelago, Sumatra, Sumba, Sumbawa, Togian Archipelago),
Laos (Vientiane, Attapu, Champasak, Khammouan, Louangphrabang, Savannakhét, Xiangkhoang), Nepal, Bhutan,
Philippines (Balabac, Basilan, Bohol, Bongao, Busuanga, Dinagat, Jolo, Leyte, Luzon, Cebu, Mindanao, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Polillo, Samar)
Taiwan (incl. Lanyu),
Thailand (incl. Phuket), Vietnam (Hoa Binh),
Malaysia (Malaya and East Malaysia, Borneo, Pulau Tioman)

Type locality: Java

papenfussi: Taiwan. Type locality: Kararu (= Kueitzuchiao), Koshun District (= Henchun Twon), Takao-Shu Province (now Pintung Hsien), Taiwan, elevation 150 m.  
Reproductionovovivparous; see Miller & Zug 2016 for details. 
TypesHolotype: unknown (fide NGUYEN et al. 2009)
Holotype: MVZ 23857 [papenfussi] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (genus): A small snake about half a meter in length; head distinct from neck, with an angular canthus rostralis; eye large with a vertical pupil; scales smooth in 17 rows about body at middle. Maxillary teeth, 10-12, arranged as follows: two small anterior teeth followed by two much larger ones; these followed by an interval, then five or six small teeth, then two enlarged grooved fangs. Hypapophyses on posterior dorsal vertebrae, somewhat variable. (Taylor 1965: 894)


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CommentVenomous. Its poison acts quickly on the small reptiles and amphibians upon which it preys, but it is not regarded as dangerous to man. (Taylor 1965: 895)

Description: Fairly variable species in various shades of brown with speckles.

Behavior: diurnal.

Taxonomy: this genus and species has been assigned to Lamprophiidae, incertae sedis, by Pyron et al. 2011. While it has been assigned to Lamprophiidae, recent studies (e.g. by Zaher et al. 2019) do not support that affiliation. The phylogenetic position of Psammodynastes remained contentious until Das et al. 2024 established that the genus belongs to a different clade who they assigned to a separate family, Psammodynastidae Das et al. 2024.

Distribution: See map in Miller & Zug 2016, Rasmussen 1975.

Diet: frogs, lizards (especially skinks, Limnonectes, Miller & Zug 2016)

Type species: Psammophis pulverulenta H. BOIE in F. BOIE 1827: 547 is the type species of the genus Psammodynastes GÜNTHER 1858.

Genome: Roberts et al. 2024. 
EtymologyNamed after Latin “pulverulentus” = “dusty”, probably after the the brown-powdered ventral side of the species.

The genus name is a combination of ancient Greek word psammos (ψάμμος, meaning sand) and dynastes (δυνάστης, meaning ruler). Das et al. 2024 derived the family name by adding -idae to the stem of the generic suffix. 
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