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Psomophis genimaculatus (BOETTGER, 1885)

IUCN Red List - Psomophis genimaculatus - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaColubridae (Dipsadinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Spirit Ground Snake, Spirit Diminutive Snake
Portuguese: Cobra-Cabelo, Jararaca-Lançada 
SynonymLiophis (Lygophis) genimaculata BOETTGER 1885: 229
Rhadinaea genimaculata — BOULENGER 1894: 347
Rhadinaea genimaculata — WERNER 1913: 24
Liophis genimaculatus — AMARAL 1936
Liophis joberti — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 178
Psomophis genimaculatus — MYERS & CADLE 1994
Psomophis genimaculatus — LEYNAUD & BUCHER 1999: 33
Psomophis genimaculatus — MYERS & CADLE 2003
Psomophis genimaculatus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 613
Psomophis genimaculatus — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019 
DistributionS/E Bolivia (Llanos de Mojos, Chaco Boreal, Beni), SW Brazil, N Paraguay, Argentina (Formosa, Salta, Bermejo, Chaco) [HR 28: 52]

Type locality: Paraguay  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesLectotype, BMNH 1946.1.5.83, a 362 mm male, designated by Hoge, 1958: 222. 
DiagnosisUnfortunately we had to temporarily remove additional information as this was scraped by multiple AI companies who sell that data to their customers. These details, e.g. detailed descriptions or comparisons (about 3477 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentSynonymy: Hoge 1958: 223 listed this species as a synonym of Liophis (= Psomophis) joberti), even though he provides quite different scale counts for them.

Similar species: The species of Psomophis are most likely to be confused with species of the "Rhadinaea" brevirostris group (sensu Myers). 
EtymologyNamed after Greek genon (γένηον, from γένειον), chin or beard + Latin maculatus, spoted. (BOETTGER 1885, Esteban Lavilla, pers. comm., April 2024) 
References
  • ACOSTA, José L.; Cinthia C. CALAMANTE & Blanca B. ALVAREZ 2010. NEW LOCALITY RECORD OF PSOMOPHIS GENIMACULATUS (SQUAMATA, DIPSADIDAE) IN ARGENTINA. Facena 26: 53-56
  • Amaral, A. do 1936. Collecta herpetologica no centro do Brasil. Mem. Inst. Butantan 9 [1935]: 235-246 - get paper here
  • Boettger, O. 1885. Liste von Reptilien und Batrachiern aus Paraguay. Zeitschr. Naturw. 58 (3): 213-248 - get paper here
  • Böhm, Stephan 2015. Eindrücke der Herpetofauna im Chaco Paraguays. Terraria-Elaphe 2015 (1): 40-46 [2014] - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1894. List of reptiles and batachians collected by Dr. T. Bohls near Asuncion, Paraguay. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 13: 342-348 - get paper here
  • Cacciali, Pier; Norman J. Scott, Aida Luz Aquino Ortíz, Lee A. Fitzgerald, and Paul Smith 2016. The Reptiles of Paraguay: Literature, Distribution, and an Annotated Taxonomic Checklist. SPECIAL PUBLICATION OF THE MUSEUM OF SOUTHWESTERN BIOLOGY, NUMBER 11: 1–373 - get paper here
  • Eversole, C. B., Powell, R. L., Rivas, L. R., & Lizarro, D. E. 2024. Reptile Biodiversity and Vulnerability in Bolivia’s Beni Department: Informing Conservation Priorities in a Neglected Frontier. Diversity, 16(6), 335 - get paper here
  • Gonzalez R. C. et al. 2020. Lista dos Nomes Populares dos Répteis no Brasil – Primeira Versão. Herpetologia Brasileira 9 (2): 121 – 214 - get paper here
  • Guedes, Thaís B.; Ricardo J. Sawaya, Alexander Zizka, Shawn Laffan, Søren Faurby, R. Alexander Pyron, Renato S. Bérnils, Martin Jansen, Paulo Passos, Ana L. C. Prudente, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, Henrique B. Braz, Cristiano de C. Nogueira, Alexandre 2017. Patterns, biases and prospects in the distribution and diversity of Neotropical snakes. Global Ecol Biogeogr 00:1–8 - get paper here
  • Hallmen, M. 2009. Ein Stück vom Paradies. Die Pouso Alegre im brasilianischen Pantanal aus Sicht eines Reptilienfreundes. Teil 2. Reptilia (Münster) 14 (77): 38-46 - get paper here
  • Hoge, A. R. 1958. Tres notas sobre serpentes brasileiras Pap. Avul. Zool., Sao Paulo 13: 221-225 - get paper here
  • Kunz, Tobias Saraiva;<br />Ivo Rohling Ghizoni-Jr.,<br />Walter Luis Alves dos Santos & Paulo Afonso Hartmann 2007. Nota sobre a coleção herpetológica da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC). Biotemas, 20 (3): 127-132 - get paper here
  • Leynaud, Gerardo C. and Enrique H. Bucher 1999. La fauna de serpientes del Chaco Sudamericano: diversidad, distribución geografica y estado de conservación. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Miscelanea (98):1-46
  • Lions, Maria Luisa; Alvarez, Blanca Beatriz 1997. Geographic Distribution. Psomophis genimaculatus. Herpetological Review 28 (1): 52 - get paper here
  • Myers, C W. Cadle J E. 1994. A new genus for South American snakes related to Rhadinaea obtusa Cope (Colubridae) and resurrection of Taeniophallus Cope for the "Rhadinaea" brevirostris group. American Museum Novitates (3102): 1-33 - get paper here
  • Myers, C.W. & Cadle, J.E. 2003. On the snake hemipenis, with notes on Psomophis and techniques of eversion: a response to Dowling. Herpetological Review 34 (4): 295-302 - get paper here
  • Nogueira, Cristiano C.; Antonio J.S. Argôlo, Vanesa Arzamendia, Josué A. Azevedo, Fausto E. Barbo, Renato S. Bérnils, Bruna E. Bolochio, Marcio Borges-Martins, Marcela Brasil-Godinho, Henrique Braz, Marcus A. Buononato, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, 2019. Atlas of Brazilian snakes: verified point-locality maps to mitigate the Wallacean shortfall in a megadiverse snake fauna. South American J. Herp. 14 (Special Issue 1):1-274 - get paper here
  • Rivas, L. R., Eversole, C. B., & Powell, R. L. 2023. Urban herpetofauna of Trinidad, Beni Department, Bolivia. Herpetology Notes, 16, 399-410 - get paper here
  • Rivas, L.R.; Eversole, C.B.; Powell, R.L. 2023. Natural history notes: Psomophis genimaculatus (Spirit Ground Snake). Diet and behavior. Herpetological Review 54 (4): 692-693.
  • Schmidt, K. E, & INGER, R. F. 1951. Amphibians and reptiles of the Hopkins-Branner expedition to Brazil. Fieldiana: Zoology 31: 439-465 - get paper here
  • Scrocchi, G.J. & Giraudo,A. 1997. El género Psomophis (Serpentes - Colubridae) en la Argentina. Cuadernos de Herpetología 11 (1): - get paper here
  • Scrocchi, G.J.; Moreta, J.C. & Kretzschmar, S. 2006. Serpientes del Noroeste Argento [Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán, Catamarca, La Rioja, Santiago del Estero]. Fundación Miguel Lillo, Tucumán, 178 pp.
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
  • Werner, F. 1913. Neue oder seltene Reptilien und Frösche des Naturhistorischen Museums in Hamburg. Reptilien der Ostafrika-Expedition der Hamburger Geographischen Gesellschaft 1911/12. Leiter: Dr. E. Obst. Reptilien und Amphibien von Formosa. [these are 3 separate reports in one long article] Jb. Hamb. wiss. Anst., 30 [1912], 2. Beiheft: 1-39, 40-45, 45-51 - get paper here
  • Ziegler, T; Lehr, E. & Unger, J. 2001. Zur Kenntnis von Psomophis genimaculatus (BOETTGER 1885) in Paraguay unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Defensiv-Verhaltens. Herpetofauna 23 (132): 19-23 - get paper here
 
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