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Sacalia bealei (GRAY, 1831)

IUCN Red List - Sacalia bealei - Endangered, EN
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Higher TaxaGeoemydidae (Geoemydinae), Testudinoidea, Testudines (turtles)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Eyed Turtle, Beal’s Four-Eyed turtle
G: Chinesische Pfauenaugen-Wasserschildkröte
Chinese: 眼斑水龟 
SynonymCistuda bealei GRAY 1831: 71
Emys Bealei — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 325
Clemmys bealii — STRAUCH 1862
Clemmys bealei — BOULENGER 1889
Clemmys bealei — SCHMIDT 1927
Sacalia bealei — MCDOWELL 1964
Mauremys bealei — WERMUTH & MERTENS 1977
Sacalia bealei — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989: 186
Clemmys bealei — XIANGKUI 1994
Sacalia bealei — SCHILDE 1999
Sacalia bealei — OBST 2003: 18
Sacalia bealei — TTWG 2014
Sacalia bealei — TTWG 2021 
DistributionS China (Guangdong, Fujian, Fukien, Kwangtung, Kwangsi, Jiangxi, Hunan), N Vietnam

Type locality: "China".  
Reproductionoviparous. 
TypesSyntypes: BMNH 1947.3.4.33 and 1947.3.4.42. 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (2178 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentPicture in Draco 13 (4): 92 (2003). Clemmys bealii var. quadriocellata SIEBENROCK 1903 has been elevated to species status (distribution not corrected for elevation). Not in Vietnam according to MCCORD & JOSEPH-OUNI 2004.

Type species: Cistuda bealei GRAY 1831: 71 is the type species of the genus Sacalia GRAY 1870: 35.

Distribution: erronesously reported from Hainan (fide Bu et al. 2023, Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 22: 80-88).

Habitat: freshwater (Rivers, swamps)

Karyotype: The diploid chromosome number is 52: 9 pairs of
metacentric or submetacentric macrochromosomes, 5 pairs of telocentric or subtelocentric macrochromosomes, and 12 pairs of microchromosomes (Bickham 1975). 
EtymologyMost likely named after Thomas Beale (I775-1842), an Englishman who lived in Macao and Canton for 40 years from 1792. Gray only refers to “Mr. Beale” without any further details (Beolens et al. 2011). 
References
  • Abdala, V.; Manzano, A.S. & Herrel, A. 2008. The distal forelimb musculature in aquatic and terrestrial turtles: phylogeny or environmental constraints? J. Anat. 213: 159–172 - get paper here
  • Anonymous 2016. Testudinate China [in both English and Chinese] Testudinate Industry Branch of the China Fishery Association, published on occasion of WCH8; author not explicitly stated, 54 pp.
  • Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins, and Michael Grayson 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA - get paper here
  • Bickham, John W. 1975. A Cytosystematic Study of Turtles in the Genera Clemmys, Mauremys, and Sacalia. Herpetologica 31: 198-204 - get paper here
  • Bour, R. 2008. Global diversity of turtles (Chelonii; Reptilia) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595:593–598 - get paper here
  • Bourret, R. 1941. Les tortues de l'Indochine. Institut Océanographique l'Indochine 38:1-235
  • Bu, Rongping; Jian Wang, Liu Lin, Jichao Wang, Fanrong Xiao & Hai-Tao Shi 2023. Annotated Checklist of Nonmarine Turtles of Hainan Island, China. Chelonian Conservation and Biology Jun 2023 Vol. 22, No. 1: 80-88 - get paper here
  • Buskirk, James R. 1989. New locality records for Chinese non-marine chelonians [Chinemys reevesii nigricans, Cistoclemmys flavomarginata, Cuora galbinifrons hainanensis pani, Mauremys mutica, Clemmys Oscadia sinensis, Sacalia bealei quadriocellata, Platysternon megacephalum Chinese Herpetological Research 2 (2): 65-68
  • Duméril, A.M.C., and G. Bibron. 1835. Erpétologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complète des Reptiles, Vol. 2. Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, iv + 680 p. - get paper here
  • Ernst,C.H. and Barbour,R.W. 1989. Turtles of the World. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. - London
  • Fong, J.J. & Qiao, G.X. 2010. New localities of endangered Chinese turtles from museum specimens and the practical and ethical challenges using and reporting natural history collection data. Zootaxa 2393: 59–68 - get paper here
  • GAO, ZHIWEI; TIANYU QIAN, JIANPING JIANG, DEJIA HOU, XUEJIAN DENG & DAODE YANG. 2022. Species diversity and distribution of amphibians and reptiles in Hunan Province, China. Biodiversity Science 30 (2): 21290, 1–15 - get paper here
  • Gray, J. E. 1831. Synopsis Reptilium or short descriptions of the species of reptiles. Part I: Cataphracta, tortoises, crocodiles, and enaliosaurians. Treuttel, Wurz & Co., London, 85 pp. - get paper here
  • Hennen, U. 2000. Erhaltungszuchtstation für asiatische Schildkröten braucht noch Unterstützung. Elaphe 8 (4): 71-72
  • Irrek, F. & Pante, H. 2009. Bemerkungen zur Gelegegröße bei Sacalia bealei (GRAY, 1831) und Sacalia quadriocellata (SIEBENROCK 1903). Reptilia (Münster) 14 (75): 3-6 - get paper here
  • Lee, J. C.I.; Tsai, L.C.; Liao, S.P.; Linacre, A. & Hsieh, H.M. 2009. Species identification using the cytochrome b gene of commercial turtle shells. Forensic Science International: Genetics 3: 67–73 - get paper here
  • Lin, Liu; Daniel Gaillard, Qingru Hu, Jiangbo Yang, Zhongdong Chen, Feiyu Zhou, Fanrong Xiao, and Haitao Shi 2017. Sexual Dimorphism in Body Size and Shape of Beal's Eyed Turtle (Sacalia bealei). Chelonian Conservation and Biology Dec 2017, Vol. 16, No. 2: 180-184. - get paper here
  • McCord, W.P. & Joseph-Ouni, M. 2004. Chelonian Illustrations #16: Pond, Thread, and Four-Eyed Turtles of Eastern Asia. Reptilia (GB) (36): 10-13 - get paper here
  • McDowell, S.B. 1964. Partition of the Genus Clemmys and related problems in the taxonomy of the aquatic Testudinidae. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 143 (2): 239-279. - get paper here
  • Mell,R. 1938. Beiträge zur Fauna Sinica. VI. Aus der Biologie chinesischer Schildkröten. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, N.F., 7 (3): 390-475. - get paper here
  • Nicol, Ellen 1998. Four-eyed turtles Sacalis bealei and Sacalia quadriocellata. Reptiles 6 (3): 40-43
  • Obst, F.J. 2003. Sumpfschildkröten. Draco 4 (13): 4-18 - get paper here
  • Rödel, M.-O. 1985. Zum Verhalten von Sacalia bealei (GRAY, 1831) (Testudines: Emydidae). Salamandra 21 (2-3): 123-131 - get paper here
  • Rödel, M.-O. & G. PRAEDICOW 1988. Die Chinesische Vieraugenschildkröte - Sacalia bealei (GRAY 1831). Sauria 10 (4): 3-8 - get paper here
  • Schilde, M. 1999. Haltung und Zucht von Sacalia bealei und Sacalia quadriocellata. Elaphe 7 (2): 2-6
  • Schilde, M. 2004. Asiatische Sumpfschildkröten - Die Familie Geoemydidae in Südostasien, China und Japan. Natur und Tier Verlag (Münster), 192 pp. - get paper here
  • Schmidt, K.P. 1927. The reptiles of Hainan. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 54(3): 395-466 (-575?) - get paper here
  • Shi, Haitao; Jonathan J. Fong, James F. Parham, Junfeng Pang, Jichao Wang, Meiling Hong, Ya-Ping Zhang 2008. Mitochondrial variation of the “eyed” turtles (Sacalia) based on known-locality and trade specimens. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49 (3): 1025-1029 - get paper here
  • Shiping, Gong; Haitao Shi, Jonathan J. Fong and Michael Lau. 2009. Recent records of freshwater turtles from Guangdong, China. Turtle and Tortoise Newsletter 13:24-27
  • TTWG [Peter Paul van Dijk, John B. Iverson, Anders G.J. Rhodin, H. Bradley Shaffer, and Roger Bour] 2014. Turtles of the World, 7th Edition: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution with Maps, and Conservation Status. 000.v7. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v7.2014 - get paper here
  • TTWG; Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R., Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., and van Dijk, P.P. 2021. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (9th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Chelonian Research Monographs 8:1–472. doi:10.3854/crm.8.checklist.atlas.v9.2021. - get paper here
  • Wang, C. G. M. Z. X., Jia, S. Y. K. T. L., & Hu, C. Z. J. 2022. An updated species checklist of amphibians and reptiles in Fujian Province, China. Biodiversity Science, 22090 - get paper here
  • Wang, Kai; Jinlong Ren, Hongman Chen, Zhitong Lyu, Xianguang Guo Ke Jiang, Jinmin Chen, Jiatang Li, Peng Guo, Yingyong Wang, Jing Che 2020. The updated checklists of amphibians and reptiles of China. Biodiversity Science 28 (2): 189-218 - get paper here
  • Wermuth, H., and R. Mertens. 1977. Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien. Testudines, Crocodylia, Rhynchocephalia. Das Tierreich. Berlin. 100: i-xxvii, 1-174 - get paper here
  • Xiangkui-Y 1994. Fossil and recent turtles of China. Science Press, Beijing. 1994: i-vi, 1-112
 
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