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Salvadora hexalepis (COPE, 1867)

IUCN Red List - Salvadora hexalepis - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaColubridae, Colubrinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
SubspeciesSalvadora hexalepis mojavensis BOGERT 1945
Salvadora hexalepis hexalepis (COPE 1867)
Salvadora hexalepis klauberi BOGERT 1945
Salvadora hexalepis virgultea BOGERT 1936 
Common NamesE: Western Patchnose Snake
G: Westliche Pflasternasennatter
mojavensis: Mojave Patchnose Snake
hexalepis: Desert Patchnose Snake
klauberi: Klauber’s Patchnose Snake
virgultea: Coast Patchnose Snake
S: Cabestrillo 
SynonymPhimothyra hexalepis COPE 1867: 304
Salvadora grahamiae var. hexalepis — GARMAN 1884: 39
Salvadora grahamiae hexalepis — STEJNEGER 1893: 205
Salvadora hexalepis — STEJNEGER 1902: 154
Salvadora grahamiae hexalepis — TAYLOR 1938: 492
Salvadora hexalepis — STEBBINS 1985: 184
Salvadora hexalepis — LINER 1994
Salvadora hexalepis hexalepis — LINER 2007
Salvadora hexalepis — WALLACH et al. 2014: 660
Salvadora hexalepis — HERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ et al. 2021

Salvadora hexalepis klauberi BOGERT 1945
Salvadora hexalepis klauberi — CLIFF 1954
Salvadora hexalepis klauberi — LEVITON & BANTA 1964
Salvadora hexalepis klauberi — LINER 2007
Salvadora hexalepis klauberi — HERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ et al. 2021

Salvadora hexalepis mojavensis BOGERT 1945
Salvadora hexalepis mojavensis — BRADLEY & DEACON 1966
Salvadora hexalepis mojavensis — LOOMIS & STEPHENS 1967
Salvadora hexalepis mojavensis — CROTHER 2000
Salvadora hexalepis mojavensis — CROTHER et al. 2012
Salvadora hexalepis mojavensis — HERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ et al. 2021

Salvadora hexalepis virgultea BOGERT 1935
Salvadora grahamiae virgultea BOGERT 1935
Salvadora grahamiae virgultea — SMITH 1939: 318
Salvadora hexalepis virgultea — SCHMIDT 1940
Salvadora hexalepis virgultea — CROTHER 2000
Salvadora hexalepis virgultea — LINER 2007
Salvadora hexalepis virgultea — CROTHER et al. 2012
Salvadora hexalepis virgultea — THOMSON et al. 2016
Salvadora hexalepis virgultea — HERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ et al. 2021 
DistributionUSA (S California, Nevada, Arizona, S New Mexico, SW Texas, Utah),
Mexico (Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa)

hexalepis: USA (Arizona); Type locality: Fort Whipple, Arizona

klauberi: Mexico (Baja California); Type locality: Cape San Lucas, Baja California, Mexico.

mojavensis: USA (California); Type locality: Deadman Point, 11.5 miles south-east of Victorville, at the south end of the Granite Mountains in San Bernardino County, California.

virgultea: USA, Mexico (California, NW Baja California); Type locality: Deerhorn Flat, San Diego County, Calif.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: USNM 7894
Holotype: SDNHM = SDSNH 12025 [virgultea]
Holotype: SDNHM = SDSNH 20912; paratypes SDNHM = SDSNH [klauberi]
Holotype: AMNH 63000, Paratype: SDNHM = SDSNH, BYU [mojavensis] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: Well-developed rostral scale with free lateral edges; normally 9 supralabials, or occasionally 8 or 10; supralabials in contact with the eye, usually only sixth is in contact; 10–11 infralabials; preocular divided; loreal scale normally divided; prenasal scale separated from the second supralabial; a second pair of chinshields separated by two rows of scales; ventral scales 180–213; subcaudal scales vary from 75 to 103; maxillary teeth 10–12 + 3. With the exception of S. hexalepis virgultea, the dark dorsolateral lines are normally separated from the lateral lines at the level of the third and fourth rows of dorsal scales; tail length is 20 to 26% of the total body length.
Salvadora hexalepis differs at the species level from the other species in the grahamiae group by having a divided preocular, fewer than 113 subcaudals, and a tail length less than 29% of the total length. It differs from S. grahamiae, S. intermedia, S. gymnorhachis and S. bairdi by having 9 to 10 supralabials, the sixth in contact with the eye versus 8 supralabials present in the other species in the grahamiae group. It differs from S. deserticola by having a divided loreal and 75–103 subcaudals (HERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ et al. 2021).


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CommentSubspecies: Salvadora hexalepis deserticola has been elevated to valid species. Recognition of the species S. deserticola was made without justification by Bogert and Degenhardt (1961). Bogert (1945), describes characters justifying the distrinction and states that there are no intergrades.

Distribution: See map in HERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ et al. 2021: Fig. 9. For map of California see Thomson et al. 2016: 280. 
EtymologyFrom the Latin ‘hexa’ for ‘six’ and ‘lepis’ for ‘scale’, which can be interpreted as six-sided scales.

klauberi: named after Laurence Monroe Klauber, American herpetologist.

virgultea: From the Latin ‘virgultus’, meaning ‘covered with scrub’, for the habitat in which the taxon occurs.

mojavensis: named after the Mojave Desert. 
References
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