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Sibynophis geminatus (BOIE, 1826)

IUCN Red List - Sibynophis geminatus - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaColubridae, Sibynophiinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Boie's Many-tooth Snake 
SynonymColuber geminatus H. BOIE 1826: 211
Lycodon melanocephalus GRAY 1834 (fide MANTHEY 1983)
Enicognathus ornatus SCHLEGEL (fide VOGEL, pers. comm.)
Ablabes melanocephalus — GÜNTHER 1858 (fide MANTHEY 1983)
Herpetodryas geminatus — SCHLEGEL 1837: 194 (partim)
Enicognathus geminatus — DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 333 (partim)
Enicognathus geminatus — JAN 1866
Polyodontophis geminatus — BOULENGER 1893: 185 (partim)
Polyodontophis geminatus — BOULENGER 1897: 506
Polyodontophis geminatus — DE ROOIJ 1917: 54
Polyodontophis geminatus — LIDTH DE JEUDE 1922: 240
Sibynophis geminatus — BARBOUR 1912
Sibynophis geminatus geminatus — MERTENS 1930
Sibynophis geminatus insularis — MERTENS 1930 (fide MANTHEY 1983)
Herpetodryas prionotus LANTOR 1893 (fide MANTHEY 1983)
Sibynophis melanocephalus — TAYLOR 1965 (fide MANTHEY 1983)
Sibynophis geminatus — MANTHEY & GROSSMANN 1997: 391
Sibynophis geminatus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 673
Sybinophis geminatus — KADAFI et al. 2020 (in error) 
DistributionThailand,
Malaysia (East Malaysia, Borneo: Sarawak),
Indonesia (Nias, Mentawai, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Bangka, Billiton, Java, Bali, Lombok, Natuna islands),
Philippines (Sulu Archipelago)
David & Vogel:
Indonesia: Bali, Java, Lombok, Sumatra

Type locality: Java  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesSyntypes: MNHN-RA 3392–93, two males, and RMNH 687, a female (H. Kuhl & J.C. van Hasselt, Dec. 1820–Sept. 1823). 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (genus): Dentary loosely attached, and completely detached posteriorly from end of articular. Teeth very numerous on maxillary, palatine, pterygoid, and dentary, closely set, of approximately the same size; head scarcely distinct from neck; pupil round. Body cylindrical, the ventrals without lateral keels or notches; paired subcaudals; hypapophyses developed throughout vertebrae; anal divided. Oviparous. (Taylor 1965: 695)


Additional details (2019 characters) are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentType species: Coluber geminatus H. BOIE 1826 is the type species of the genus Sibynophis FITZINGER 1843; originally described as a subgenus within Lygophis. See Leviton & Munstermann 1956 for a list of diagnostic characters of Sibynophis.

Type genus: Sibynophis is the type genus of the family Sibynophiidae DUNN 1928, which, according to ZAHER et al. 2012 and CHEN et al. 2013 contains Sibynophis and Scaphiodontophis. Because Sibynophiidae Dunn, 1928, has priority over Scaphiodontophiinae Pyron et al., 2011, ZAHER et al. 2012 synonymize the latter into the former. However, Zaher et al. 2019 show that Scaphiodontophis is more distantly related to Sibynophis and thus use the term Sibynophiidae (while Zheng & Wiens, 2016 used Sibynophiinae).

Distribution: Contrary to previous authors, who recognized only a single species in the range of Sibynophis geminatus, Taylor (1965: 698) considered this species to be restricted to Java, whereas Sibynophis melanocephalus, long considered a synonym of S. geminatus, occured from Thailand to Sumatra and Borneo. We follow Morgan (1973), who demonstrated that the two forms, which are sympatric on Sumatra without evidence of intergradation, are distinct and valid species. 
References
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  • Boie. H. 1826. Merkmale einiger japanischer Lurche. lsis von Oken, Jena. 18-19: 203 - 216 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1893. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) I. London (Taylor & Francis), 448 pp. - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1897. List of the reptiles and batrachians collected by Mr. Alfred Everett in Lombok, Flores, Sumba and Saru, with descriptions of new species. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 19: 503-509 - get paper here
  • David,P. & Vogel, G. 1996. The snakes of Sumatra. An annotated checklist and key with natural history notes. Bücher Kreth, Frankfurt/M.
  • de Rooij, N. DE 1917. The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Il. Ophidia. Leiden (E. J. Brill), xiv + 334 S. - get paper here
  • Dunn, E.R. 1928. A tentative key and arrangement of the American Colubridae. Bull. Antivenin Inst. America 2: 18–24.
  • Gaulke, M. 1993. First Record of the Polyodont Snake Sibynophis geminatus geminatus (Boie, 1826) from the Philippines, with a Discussion of Sibynophis bivittatus (Boulenger, 1894). The Herpetological Journal 3 (4): 151-152 - get paper here
  • Gaulke, M. 1994. Contribution to the snake fauna of the Sulu Archipelago, with the description of a new subspecies of Dendrelaphis caudolineatus (GRAY, 1834). The Herpetological Journal 4 (4): 136-144. - get paper here
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  • Kopstein, F. 1938. Ein Beitrag zur Eierkunde und zur Fortpflanzung der Malaiischen Reptilien. Bull. Raffles Mus. No 14: 81-167
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  • Leviton, A. E., and H. E. Munsterman 1956. The generic status and subfamily relationships of the colubIid snakes of the genus Sibynophis in Madagascar. Occ. Pap. Nat. Hisl. Mus.<br>Stanford Univ. (4): 1-11
  • Lidth DE JEUDE, T.W. VAN 1922. Snakes from Sumatra. Zoologische Mededelingen 6: 239-253. - get paper here
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  • Mertens, R. 1930. Die Amphibien und Reptilien der Inseln Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa und Flores. Senck. Naturf. Gesell., Frankfurt am Main, Abhandl. 42(3): 117-344.
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  • Zaher, Hussam; Felipe g. Grazziotin, Roberta Graboski, ricardo g. fuentes Paola sáncheZ-martineZ giovanna g. montingelli ya-Ping Zhang, robert W. murPhy 2012. Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Sibynophis (Serpentes: Colubroidea). Pap. Avuls. Zool. 52 (12): 141-149 - get paper here
 
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