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Sonora semiannulata BAIRD & GIRARD, 1853

IUCN Red List - Sonora semiannulata - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaColubridae, Colubrinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Ground Snake
S: Culebrilla de Tierra 
SynonymSonora semiannulata BAIRD & GIRARD 1853: 117
Lamprosoma episcopum KENNICOTT in BAIRD 1859
Homalosoma episcopum — JAN 1865
Contia isozona COPE 1866: 304
Contia episcopa torquata COPE 1880: 21
Contia semiannulata — GARMAN 1884: 90
Contia isozona — GARMAN 1884: 92
Contia episcopa — GARMAN 1884: 94
Contia torquatus — BOULENGER 1894: 265
Contia episcopa — MOCQUARD 1899: 319
Chionactis episcopus torquatus — COPE 1900: 939
Chionactis episcopus isozonus — COPE 1900: 939
Contia nuchalis SCHENKEL 1901
Sonora episcopa — STICKEL 1938: 184
Sonora episcopa — FORCE 1928
Sonora semiannulata blanchardi STICKEL 1938: 185
Sonora semiannulata gloydi STICKEL 1938: 186
Sonora miniata miniata STICKEL 1938: 187
Sonora miniata linearis STICKEL 1938: 189 (fide SMITH 1945: 130)
Sonora semiannulata linearis — SMITH 1945: 130
Sonora bancroftae KLAUBER 1943
Sonora bancroftae — SMITH & TAYLOR 1945
Sonora episcopa — SMITH & TAYLOR 1945
Sonora semiannulata blanchardi — SMITH & TAYLOR 1945
Sonora episcopa — WEBB & ORTENBURGER 1953
Sonora episcopa — DOWLING 1959
Sonora semiannulata isozona COPE — BRADLEY & DEACON 1966 ?
Sonora semiannulata — STEBBINS 1985: 212
Sonora semiannulata — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 214
Sonora semiannulata — LINER 1994
Sonora episcopa —SHINE 1994
Sonora semiannulata — CROTHER 2000
Sonora semiannulata semiannulata — DIXON 2000
Sonora semiannulata — CROTHER et al. 2012
Sonora semiannulata — WALLACH et al. 2014: 681
Sonora (Sonora) semiannulata — COX et al. 2018 
DistributionUSA (W Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Oklahoma, S Colorado, S Kansas, SW Missouri, SE Utah [HR 30: 55], California, Arkansas),
Mexico (Baja California, N Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Tamaulipas, NW Nuevo Leon, NE Durango)

Type locality: Restricted to the Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona (originally stated "Sonora").

invalid taxa:

bancroftae: Type-locality, "San Jorge, Lower California [Baja California Norte], Mexico."

blanchardi: Texas; Type locality: "northeastern slopes of the Chisos Mountains, Brewster County, Texas."

gloydi: Arizona; Type locality: Grand Canyon, Bright Angel Trail.

isozona: Nevada; Type locality not stated in original description.

mineata: Type locality, "2 miles northwest of Mesa [Maricopa County], Arizona."

linearis: Type locality, "Seeley, Imperial County, California."

nuchalis: Type locality, "Fort Worth (Tex.)."  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: USNM 2109
Holotype: SDNHM 3077 (formerly L. M. Klauber), female, collected by Mrs. Griffing Bancroft, 10 April 1942 [bancroftae]
Holotype: UMMZ 83122, female, collected by F. N. Blanchard and J. T. Carney, 28 September 1935 [blanchardi]
Holotype: UMMZ 83754, female, collected by William Holzmark, 1936 [gloydi]
Holotype: SDNHM = SDSNH [bancroftae]
Holotype: SDNHM 2013 (formerly L. M. Klauber), female, collected by Chas. McHone, 15 July 1929 [linearis]
Holotype: Chicago Acad. Sci. 5139, female, collected by Earl Sanders, date unknown [miniata]
Holotype: MVZ 13772 (male) [mosaueri]
Holotype: USNM 11417 [Contia isozona] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (3352 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentType species: Sonora semiannulata BAIRD & GIRARD 1853 is the type species of the genus Sonora BAIRD & GIRARD 1853.

All species of Sonora possess colour pattern polymorphism, with uniform, striped, banded, bicolour and tricolour morphs known for the different species.

Synonymy: Mostly after Frost 1983. Sonora mosaueri has been considered a synonym of Sonora semiannulata until Cox et al. 2018 revalidated it. 
EtymologyThe name semiannulata is from the Latin meaning "half-ringed," in reference to body cross-bands that fail to cross the venter.

The genus was named after Sonora, the state in NW Mexico. ["...Sonora, Mex. …"]. 
References
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