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Sonora straminea (COPE, 1860)

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Higher TaxaColubridae, Colubrinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common Namescinctus: E: Variable Sand Snake, Banded Sand Snake
cinctus: G: Gebänderte Sandschlange
S: Arenera de Modelo Variable 
SynonymChilomeniscus stramineus COPE 1860: 339
Chilomeniscus ephippicus COPE 1867
Carphophis straminea — GARMAN 1884: 99
Chilomeniscus stramineus — VAN DENBURGH 1895: 138
Chilomeniscus stramineus — COPE 1900: 949
Chilomeniscus ephippicus — COPE 1900: 950
Chilomeniscus punctatissimus VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN 1921
Chilomeniscus punctatissimus CLIFF 1954
Chilomeniscus punctatissimus — BANTA & LEVITON 1963
Chilomeniscus stramineus — STEBBINS 1985: 244
Chilomeniscus stramineus — LINER 1994
Chilomeniscus punctatissimus — LINER 1994
Chilomeniscus stramineus — MATTISON 2007: 85
Chilomeniscus stramineus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 159
Chilomeniscus straminea — LEMOS-ESPINAL 2015
Sonora straminea — COX et al. 2018
Sonora (Chilomeniscus) punctatissima — COX et al. 2018: 974
Chilomeniscus stramineus — LEMOS-ESPINAL et al. 2019
Sonora punctatissima — PERALTA-GARCÍA et al. 2023 
DistributionMexico (S Baja California Sur, Sinaloa, Sonora)

Type locality: ‘Cape St. Lucas, Lower California [Baja California Sur]’.

punctatissimus: Mexico (Baja California Sur: Partida Island, Espiritu Santo Island); Type locality: “Isla Partida, Espiritu Santo Island, Gulf of California, Mexico’ [= Partida Island]  
Reproductionoviparous. 
TypesSyntypes: ANSP 3405, USNM 4674, 6495
Holotype: SDNHM = SDSNH 30368; paratypes SDNHM = SDSNH 30364-30367, 30369, 30370 [esterensis]
Holotype: CAS 49156 [punctatissimus] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: Sonora straminea can be distinguished from all other Sonora except for S. fasciata and S. cincta by the presence of an elongated rostrum. Sonora straminea is sympatric or narrowly allopatric only with S. fasciata, which shares the elongated rostrum. S. fasciata can be distinguished from S. straminea by the lack of apical maculations (Cox et al. 2018: 974).


Additional details (1844 characters) are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentSynonymy: Chilomeniscus cinctus and C. punctatissimus have been synonymized with C. stramineus by GRISMER et al. (2002) but revalidated by Cox et al. 2018.

Type species: Chilomeniscus stramineus COPE 1860 is the type species of the genus Chilomeniscus COPE 1860.

All members of the genus Chilomeniscus have an elongated rostrum and are adapted to sandy, scrubby, and arid habitats in northern Mexico and south-western USA.

Distribution: has been reported from Arizona by Lemos-Espinal 2015. 
EtymologyLikely derived from the Latin word “stramen” meaning straw, possibly in reference to its straw-like coloration. 
References
  • Banta, Benjamin H.;Leviton, Alan E. 1963. Remarks on the colubrid genus Chilomeniscus (Serpentes: Colubridae). Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 31 (11): 309-327 - get paper here
  • Cliff, Frank S. 1954. Snakes of the islands in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 12 (5): 67-98 - get paper here
  • Cope, E.D. 1861. Notes and descriptions of new and little-known species of American reptiles. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 12: 339-345 [1860] - get paper here
  • Cope, E.D. 1861. Contributions to the ophiology of Lower California, Mexico and Central America. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 13: 292-306 - get paper here
  • Cope, E.D. 1867. On the REPTILIA and BATRACHIA of the Sonoran Province of the Nearctic Region. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 18 [1866]: 300-314 - get paper here
  • Cope, E.D. 1900. The crocodilians, lizards and snakes of North America. Ann. Rep. U.S. Natl. Mus. 1898: 153-1270 - get paper here
  • Cox, Christian L.; Alison R. Davis Rabosky, Iris A. Holmes, Jacobo Reyes-Velasco, Corey E. Roelke, Eric N. Smith, Oscar Flores-Villela, Jimmy A. McGuire & Jonathan A. Campbell 2018. Synopsis and taxonomic revision of three genera in the snake tribe Sonorini. Journal of Natural History 52: 945-988 - get paper here
  • Crother, B. I. (ed.) 2012. Standard Common and Current Scientific Names for North American Amphibians, Turtles, Reptiles, and Crocodilians, Seventh Edition. Herpetological Circular 39: 1-92
  • Enderson, Erik F.; Thomas R. Van Devender, Robert L. Bezy 2014. Amphibians and reptiles of Yécora, Sonora and the Madrean Tropical Zone of the Sierra Madre Occidental in northwestern Mexico. Check List 10 (4): 913-926 - get paper here
  • Funk, Richard S. 1967. A New Colubrid Snake of the Genus Chionactis from Arizona. Southwestern Naturalist 12 (2): 180 - get paper here
  • Garman, Samuel 1884. The reptiles and batrachians of North America. Mem. Mus. comp. Zool, Cambridge (Massachusetts), 8 (3): xxxiv + 185 pp. [1883] [CNAH reprint 10] - get paper here
  • Goldberg, Stephen R., Charles R. Bursey and Jeanette Arreola. 2013. Chilomeniscus stramineus (variable sandsnake) endoparasites. Herpetological Review 44 (4): 688 - get paper here
  • Goldberg, Stephen R., Clark R. Mahrdt and Kent R. Beaman. 2014. Chilomeniscus stramineus (variable sandsnake) reproduction. Herpetological Review 45 (1): 141 - get paper here
  • GRISMER, L. L., H. WONG & P. GALINA-TESSARO 2002. Geographic variation and taxonomy of the Sand Snakes, Chilomeniscus (Squamata: Colubridae). Herpetologica 58 (1): 18-31 - get paper here
  • Heimes, P. 2016. Snakes of Mexico. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 572 pp
  • Hoard, R.S. 1939. A new subspecies of snake of the genus Chilomeniscus. Pomona Coll. Jour. Ent. and Zool. 31 (4): 45-46
  • Jones, K.B.; Abbas, D.R. & Bergstedt, T. 1981. Herpetological records from Central and Northeastern Arizona. Herpetological Review 12 (1): 16 - get paper here
  • Kunz, Kriton 2015. Schlangen, die Wirbellose fressen. Terraria-Elaphe 2015 (5): 14-20 - get paper here
  • Lemos-Espinal JA, Smith GR 2020. A checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Sinaloa, Mexico with a conservation status summary and comparisons with neighboring states. ZooKeys 931: 85-114 - get paper here
  • Lemos-Espinal JA, Smith GR, Rorabaugh JC 2019. A conservation checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Sonora, Mexico, with updated species lists. ZooKeys 829: 131-160 - get paper here
  • Lemos-Espinal, Julio A. (ed.) 2015. Amphibians and Reptiles of the US - Mexico Border States / Anfibios y Reptiles de los Estados de la Frontera México - Estados Unidos. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas. x + 614 pp.; ISBN 978-1-62349-306-6. - get paper here
  • Leviton, Alan E.; Banta, Benjamin H. 1964. Midwinter reconnaissance of the herpetofauna of the Cape Region of Baja California, Mexico. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 30 (7): 127-156 - get paper here
  • Mattison, Chris 2007. The New Encyclopedia of Snakes. Princeton University Press
  • Mocquard, M.F. 1899. Contribution a la faune herpétologique de la Basse-Californie. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Natur.Paris, 4th Series, Vol. 1: 297-343 + plates XI-XIII - get paper here
  • Murphy, R. W.; Ottley, J. R. 1984. Distribution of amphibians and reptiles on islands in the Gulf of California. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 53 (8): 207-230 - get paper here
  • Nevárez-de los Reyes; Manuel, David Lazcano, Javier Banda-Leal and Ian Recchio 2014. Notes on Mexican Herpetofauna 22: Herpetofauna of the Continental Portion of the Municipality of Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 49(8):105-115 - get paper here
  • O’Shea, M. 2018. The Book of Snakes. Ivy Press / Quarto Publishing, London, - get paper here
  • Peralta-García A, Valdez-Villavicencio JH, Fucsko LA, Hollingsworth BD, Johnson JD, Mata-Silva V, Rocha A, DeSantis DL, Porras LW, and Wilson LD. 2023. The herpetofauna of the Baja California Peninsula and its adjacent islands, Mexico: composition, distribution, and conservation status. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 17(1&2): 57–142
  • Stebbins,R.C. 1985. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston
  • STEVE JONES & JULES T. WYMAN. 2021. CHILOMENISCUS STRAMINEUS (Variable Sandsnake). PREDATION. Herpetological Review 52 (2): 417–418. - get paper here
  • Van Denburgh, J.; Slevin, J. R. 1921. Preliminary diagnoses of more new species of reptiles from islands in the gulf of California, Mexico. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (4) 11 (17): 395-398 - get paper here
  • Van Denburgh,J. 1895. A review of the herpetology of Lower California. Part I - Reptiles. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2) 5: 77-163 - get paper here
  • Vorhies, C.T. 1926. Notes on some Uncommon Snakes of Southern Arizona Copeia 157: 158-160. - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
 
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