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Sphaerodactylus grandisquamis STEJNEGER, 1904

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Higher TaxaSphaerodactylidae, Gekkota, Sauria, Squamata (lizards: geckos)
SubspeciesSphaerodactylus grandisquamis ateles THOMAS & SCHWARTZ 1966
Sphaerodactylus grandisquamis grandisquamis STEJNEGER 1904
Sphaerodactylus grandisquamis guarionex THOMAS & SCHWARTZ 1966
Sphaerodactylus grandisquamis mimetes THOMAS & SCHWARTZ 1966
Sphaerodactylus grandisquamis spanius THOMAS & SCHWARTZ 1966
Sphaerodactylus grandisquamis stibarus THOMAS & SCHWARTZ 1966 
Common NamesE: Big-scaled Dwarf Gecko, Big-scaled Least Gecko, “Cotton ginner” 
SynonymSphaerodactylus macrolepis grandisquamis STEJNEGER 1904: 602
Sphaerodactylus grandisquamis — FOWLER 1918
Sphaerodactylus grandisquamis — HEATWOLE et al. 1963
Sphaerodactylus macrolepis grandisquamis — THOMAS & SCHWARTZ 1966: 200
Sphaerodactylus macrolepis phoberus THOMAS & SCHWARTZ 1966: 204
Sphaerodactylus macrolepis phoberus — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988: 183
Sphaerodactylus macrolepis grandisquamis — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988: 183
Sphaerodactylus macrolepis grandisquamis — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1991
Sphaerodactylus macrolepis grandisquamis — BAUER 2013 (plates)
Sphaerodactylus grandisquamis grandisquamis — DAZA et al. 2019

Sphaerodactylus grandisquamis ateles THOMAS & SCHWARTZ 1966
Sphaerodactylus macrolepis ateles THOMAS & SCHWARTZ 1966: 210
Sphaerodactylus macrolepis ateles — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988: 182
Sphaerodactylus grandisquamis ateles — DAZA et al. 2019: 169

Sphaerodactylus grandisquamis guarionex THOMAS & SCHWARTZ 1966
Sphaerodactylus macrolepis guarionex THOMAS & SCHWARTZ 1966: 217
Sphaerodactylus macrolepis guarionex — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988: 182
Sphaerodactylus grandisquamis guarionex — DAZA et al. 2019: 168
Sphaerodactylus grandisquamis guarionex — BERNSTEIN et al. 2024

Sphaerodactylus grandisquamis mimetes THOMAS & SCHWARTZ 1966
Sphaerodactylus macrolepis mimetes THOMAS & SCHWARTZ 1966: 208
Sphaerodactylus macrolepis mimetes — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988: 182
Sphaerodactylus grandisquamis mimetes — DAZA et al. 2019: 170

Sphaerodactylus grandisquamis spanius THOMAS & SCHWARTZ 1966
Sphaerodactylus macrolepis spanius THOMAS & SCHWARTZ 1966: 214
Sphaerodactylus macrolepis spanius — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988: 183
Sphaerodactylus grandisquamis spanius — DAZA et al. 2019: 171

Sphaerodactylus grandisquamis stibarus THOMAS & SCHWARTZ 1966
Sphaerodactylus macrolepis stibarus THOMAS & SCHWARTZ 1966: 201
Sphaerodactylus macrolepis stibarus — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988: 183
Sphaerodactylus grandisquamis stibarus — DAZA et al. 2019: 172 
DistributionPuerto Rico, extreme east; Cayo Santiago, Cayo Algodones, Cayo Batata, Isla Piñeros

Type locality: Luquillo, Puerto Rico.

ateles: SW Puerto Rico; Type locality: Balneario de Boqueron, Puerto Rico.

grandisquamis: Puerto Rico, extreme east; Cayo Santiago, Cayo Algodones, Cayo Batata, Isla Pilleros; Type locality: Luquillo, Puerto Rico.

guarionex: Puerto Rico, northwest and north-central. elevation sea level to 900 ft.; Type locality: Officer's Club Beach, Ramey Air Force Base, Puerto Rico.

mimetes: Puerto Rico, the south; Type locality: 12.3 km SE Patillas, Puerto Rico.

phoberus (invalid): north-central Puerto Rico; intergrades with S. m. grandisquamis near Loiza Aldea; Type locality: Isla Verde (San Juan International Air- port), Puerto Rico.

spanius: Puerto Rico, Cordillera Central, Sierra de Cayey. elevation 1100 ft. to 2800 ft.; Type locality: 17.7 km NE Utuado (about 8 km airline), Puerto Rico.

stibarus: Isla Piñeros; Type locality: Isla Piiieros, Puerto Rico.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: USNM 27007 (grandisquamis)
Holotype: MCZ 81043 [ateles]
Holotype: MCZ 81048 [guarionex]
Holotype: MCZ 81036 [mimetes]
Holotype: MCZ 81023 [phoberus]
Holotype: MCZ 81047 [spanius]
Holotype: MCZ 81022 [stibarus] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (grandisquamis): SVL Min/Max (17.79/34.08 mm); midbody scales 36–46 (x̅ 41.2); scales on the snout are rounded (also in S. g. guarionex and S. g. stibarus); head ventral scales with faint keels (contrary to the other species where the keels are more defined); seven toe lamellae on the fourth toe; males with faint head pattern (also in S. g. guarionex and S. g. stibarus); males with faint throat pattern; females without throat pattern; males and females with a large hexagonal black scapular patch; ocelli enclosed on the scapular patch, and patch usually surrounded by a white margin (also in S. g. stibarus and S. g. ateles) (Daza et al. 2019, also for the remaining subspecies) (Daza et al. 2019: 167). 
CommentHabitat: terrestrial

NCBI taxon ID: 1427979 [ateles]
NCBI taxon ID: 1427980 [guarionex] 
EtymologyNamed after Latin grandis, full-grown, large, great, full, abundant + Latin squamis, scales. [“...Dorsal scales very large, as large as those on belly...”]. 
References
  • Allen, Kaitlin E. and Robert Powell 2014. Thermal Biology and Microhabitat Use in Puerto Rican Eyespot Geckos (Sphaerodactylus macrolepis macrolepis). Herp. Cons. Biol. 9 (3): - get paper here
  • Barbour, T. 1915. Recent notes regarding West Indian reptiles and amphibians. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 28: 71-78 - get paper here
  • Barbour, T. 1917. Notes on the herpetology of the Virgin Islands. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 30: 97-103. - get paper here
  • Bauer, A.M. 2013. Geckos - The Animal Answer Guide. Johns Hopkins University Press, 159 pp.
  • Bernstein, J. M., Calderón‐Acevedo, C. A., Mônico, P. I., Viñola‐Lopez, L. W., & Soto‐Centeno, J. A. 2024. A rapid inventory of amphibians, squamates, and bats of Mata de Plátano Field Station and Nature Reserve, Arecibo, Puerto Rico. Ecology and Evolution, 14(7): e11648. - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1885. Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) I. Geckonidae, Eublepharidae, Uroplatidae, Pygopodidae, Agamidae. London: 450 pp. - get paper here
  • Calderón-Acevedo, C., Mônico, P., Viñola-Lopez, L., & Soto-Centeno, J. 2024. A Rapid Inventory of Amphibians, Squamates, and Bats of Mata de Plátano Field Station and Nature Reserve, Arecibo, Puerto Rico. Preprint - get paper here
  • Carey, W.M. 1972. The Herpetology of Anegada, British Virgin Islands. Carib. J. Sci. 12(1/2): 79-89.
  • Daza, Juan D. and Aaron M. Bauer 2012. Temporal Bones of the Gekkota Support Molecular Relationships within the Pygopodoidea. Journal of Herpetology 46 (3): 381-386. - get paper here
  • DAZA, JUAN D.; BRENDAN J. PINTO, RICHARD THOMAS, ALEXANDRA HERRERA-MARTINEZ, DANIEL P. SCANTLEBURY, LUIS F. PADILLA GARCÍA, RAJESH P. BALARAMAN, GAD PERRY, TONY GAMBLE 2019. The sprightly little sphaerodactyl: Systematics and biogeography of the Puerto Rican dwarf geckos Sphaerodactylus (Gekkota, Sphaerodactylidae). Zootaxa 4712 (2): 151–201 - get paper here
  • de Queiroz, Kevin and Losos, Jonathan B. 2017. Anolis pulchellus (Puerto Rican Grass-bush Anole) and Sphaerodactylus macrolepis (Big-scaled Dwarf Gecko) Predator-prey interaction. Herpetological Review 48 (1): 184 - get paper here
  • Fischer, J. G. 1881. Herpetologische Bemerkungen vorzugsweise über Stücke des Naturhistorischen Museums in Bremen. Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Bremen, 7: 225-238 [Nov. 1881]
  • Fowler, H. W. 1918. Some amphibians and reptiles from Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Publ. Carnegie Inst. Washington, 252: 1-16.
  • Grant, C. 1931. The sphaerodactyls of Porto Rico, Culebra and Mona islands. J. Dept. Agric. Puerto Rico 15: 199-213. - get paper here
  • Grant, C. 1937. Herpetological notes with new species from the American and British Virgin Islands, 1936. J. Dept. Agric. Puerto Rico 21: 503-522.
  • Grobman, A.B. 1983. The lizards of Virgin Gorda. Naturegraph Publ., Inc., Happy Camp, CA:5-23.
  • Günther, A. 1859. On the reptiles from St. Croix, West Indies, collected by Messrs, A. and B. Newton. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 4: 209-217 - get paper here
  • Harper, S., Fallick, S., Hake, T., Feliciano-Rivera, F. A., & Elden, J. M. 2023. Opportunistic Records of Herpetofauna in Mainland Puerto Rico with photographic accounts of species and habitat. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society, 58(9), 150-157 - get paper here
  • Heatwole, H., D.S. Sade & R. Hildreth 1963. Herpetogeography of Puerto Rico. I. Herpetofauna of Cayo Santiago and Cayo Batata. Carib. J. Sci. 3 (1): 1-5. - get paper here
  • Kaup, B. 2012. Farbenfrohe Winzlinge – Kugelfingergeckos im heimischen Wohnzimmer. Reptilia (Münster) 17 (97): 39-45 - get paper here
  • Kelehear, Crystal; Sean P. Graham, and Tracy Langkilde 2017. Defensive Strategies of Puerto Rican Dwarf Geckos (Sphaerodactylus macrolepis) Against Invasive Fire Ants. Herpetologica 73, No. 1: 48-54 - get paper here
  • King, W. 1962. Systematics of Lesser Antillean lizards of the genus Sphaerodactylus. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences, 7:1-52 - get paper here
  • MacLean, W.P. 1982. Reptiles and amphibians of the Virgin Islands. MacMillan Caribbean, London: vii + 54 pp.
  • Mayer, G.C. & Lazell, J. 1988. Distributional records for reptiles and amphibians from the Puerto Rico Bank. Herpetological Review 19 91): 23-24 - get paper here
  • Noble, G. K. 1921. The bony structure and phyletic relations of Sphaerodactylus and allied lacertilian genera, with the description of a new genus. American Museum Novitates (4): 1-16 - get paper here
  • Philibosian, R.; Yntema, J. A. 1976. Records and status of some reptiles and amphibians in the Virgin Islands. I. 1968-1975. Herpetologica 32 (1): 81-85 - get paper here
  • Philibosian, R.; Yntema, J. A. 1978. Records and status of some reptiles and amphibians in the Virgin Islands. II. 1975-1976. Herpetologica 34 (1): 47-51 - get paper here
  • Questel K. 2018. Discovery of geckos, Sphaerodactylus macrolepis Günther and Sphaerodactylus sputator Sparrman, on Prickly Pear Cays, Anguilla, British West Indies. Caribbean Herpetology 61, 1-2 - get paper here
  • Rivero, J.A. 1978. Los anfibios y reptiles de Puerto Rico. M. Pareja Montana, 16, Barcelona, Espafia: x + 152 + 148pp.
  • Rodda, G.H.; Perry, G.; Rondau, J. & Lazell, J. 2001. The densenst terrestrial vertebrate. J. Trop. Ecol. 17: 331-338 - get paper here
  • Rösler, H. 2000. Kommentierte Liste der rezent, subrezent und fossil bekannten Geckotaxa (Reptilia: Gekkonomorpha). Gekkota 2: 28-153
  • Sánchez Muñoz,A.J. & Rodda,G.H. 1999. Geographic distribution: Sphaerodactylus macrolepis macrolepis. Herpetological Review 30 (4): 234 - get paper here
  • Schmidt, K.P. 1928. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands: Amphibians and land reptiles of Porto Rico, with a list of those reported from the Virgin Islands. New York Academy of Sciences 10 (1):160 pp.
  • Schwartz, A. & Henderson, R.W. 1991. Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, 720 pp.
  • Stejneger, L. 1904. The herpetology of Porto Rico. Rept. United States Natl. Mus. 1902: 549-724. - get paper here
  • Thomas, R., and A. Schwartz. 1966. Sphaerodactylus (Gekkonidae) in the greater Puerto Rico region. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences, 10:193—260 - get paper here
  • Valido, Alfredo and Jens M. Olesen 2019. Frugivory and Seed Dispersal by Lizards: A Global Review. Front. Ecol. Evol. - get paper here
 
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