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Stegonotus modestus (SCHLEGEL, 1837)

IUCN Red List - Stegonotus modestus - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaColubridae, Colubrinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Moluccan groundsnake, Maluku ground snake 
SynonymLycodon modestus SCHLEGEL 1837: 119
Lycodon modestum — DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 379
Ablabes greineri BLEEKER 1860: 43
Coronella Rosenbergii BLEEKER 1860: 37
Coluber holochrous GÜNTHER 1863: 59
Lycodon modestus — BOULENGER 1893: 366
Stegonotus modestus — WERNER 1899
Stegonotus modestus — WERNER 1924
Stegonotus modestus — MCDOWELL 1972
Stegonotus modestus — O’SHEA 1996
Stegonotus lenhoseri HOSER 2012
Stegonotus modestus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 686
Stegonotus modestus — KAISER et al. 2018: 9 
DistributionIndonesia (Ambon, Buru, Seram, and surrounding smaller islands)

Type locality: Ambon, Maluku Province, Indonesia

rosenbergii: Indonesia (Seram, formerly Ceram); Type locality: “Paulohi,” Seram Island, Maluku Province, Indonesia

holochrous: Indonesia (Seram); Type locality: “North Ceram,” Seram Island, Maluku Province, Indonesia.

Lycodon aruensis: Type locality: Wokan, Aru Island  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: RMNH 324, adult male. Collected by Salomon Müller between 5 September and 7 October 1828.
Holotype. BMNH 1946.1.13.74 (formerly 63.12.4.219), adult male. Most likely collected by Pieter Bleeker between 2 and 9 October 1855. [greineri]
Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.11.40, adult male. [holochrous]
Holotype. RMNH RENA 4066, adult male. Collected by Hermann von Rosenberg during the second half of 1859. [rosenbergii] 
DiagnosisUnfortunately we had to temporarily remove additional information as this was scraped by multiple AI companies who sell that data to their customers. These details, e.g. detailed descriptions or comparisons (about 193 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentSynonymy: partly after H. Kaiser et al. 2018 who removed Lycodon lividum DUMÉRIL et al. 1854: 381 from the synonymy of S. modestus.

Etymology: Ablabes greineri was named in honor of the physician C.G.C.F. Greiner, who served in the East Indies as part of the Dutch military. [greineri]
Coronella Rosenbergii was named in honor of the German naturalist Hermann von Rosenberg (1817-1888), who collected the type specimen. [rosenbergii]
Coluber holochrous was named after the Greek “holo” and “chro[m]us” [all one color] in reference to the uniform brownish grey color of the specimen upon arrival in London. [holochrous]

Type species: Coluber holochrous is the type species of the genus Lielaphis (described as a subgenus of Colubri).

Behavior: nocturnal 
EtymologyFrom the Latin “modestus” meaning moderate, perhaps indicating that this was a relatively nondescript form of what was then considered the genus Lycodon [modestus]. 
References
  • Bleeker, P. 1860. Over de reptilïen-fauna van van [sic] Ceram. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië 22: 35–38. - get paper here
  • Bleeker, P. 1860. Over de Reptiliën-Fauna van Amboina. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië 22: 39-43 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1893. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) I. London (Taylor & Francis), 448 pp. - get paper here
  • Clegg, Jonathan R. and Merlijn Jocque 2015. The Collection of Snakes Made by Benoît Mys and Jan Swerts in Northern Papua New Guinea in 1982–85. Journal of Herpetology 50 (3): 476-485 [2016] - get paper here
  • Doria, G. 1875. Enumerazione dei rettili raccolti dal Dott. O. Beccari in Amboina alle Isole Aru ed alle Isole Kei durante gli anni 1872-73. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova 6: 325-357 [1874] - get paper here
  • Duméril, A.M.C., G. BIBRON & A.H.A. DUMÉRIL 1854. Erpétologie générale ou Histoire Naturelle complète des Reptiles. Vol. 7 (partie 1). Paris, xvi + 780 S. - get paper here
  • Günther,A. 1863. Contribution to the herpetology of Ceram. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 12: 397-399 - get paper here
  • Hoser, R.T. 2012. Three new species of Stegonotus from New Guinea (Serpentes: Colubridae). Australasian J. Herpetol. 12:18–22. - get paper here
  • Iskandar, Djoko T. and Walter R. Erdelen 2006. Conservation of amphibians and reptiles in Indonesia: issues and problems. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 4 (1): 60-87 - get paper here
  • Kaiser, Christine M.; Hinrich Kaiser & Mark O’Shea 2018. The taxonomic history of Indo-Papuan groundsnakes, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Colubridae), with some taxonomic revisions and the designation of a neotype for S. parvus (Meyer, 1874). Zootaxa 4512 (1): 001–073 - get paper here
  • KAISER, CHRISTINE M.; JACK LAPIN, MARK O’SHEA & HINRICH KAISER 2020. Carefully examining Bornean Stegonotus (Serpentes, Colubridae): the montane groundsnake population in Sabah is a new and distinct species. Zootaxa 4894 (1): 053–068 - get paper here
  • KAISER, CHRISTINE M.; MARK O’SHEA, HINRICH KAISER 2019. A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird’s Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters. Zootaxa 4590 (2): 201-230 - get paper here
  • KAISER, H., KAISER, C. M., MECKE, S., & O’SHEA, M. A. R. K. 2021. A new species of Stegonotus (Serpentes: Colubridae) from the remnant coastal forests of southern Timor-Leste. Zootaxa 5027 (4): 489-514 - get paper here
  • Kaiser, H.; Crother, B.I.; Kelly, C.M.R.; Luiselli, L.; O’Shea, M.; Ota, H.; Passos, P.; Schleip, W.D. & Wüster, W. 2013. Best Practices: In the 21st Century, Taxonomic Decisions in Herpetology are Acceptable Only When Supported by a Body of Evidence and Published via Peer-Review. Herpetological Review 44 (1): 8-23
  • Lang, Ruud de 2013. The snakes of the Moluccas (Maluku), Indonesia. Edition Chimaira, 417 pp. - get paper here
  • Lidth DE JEUDE, T.W. VAN 1911. Reptilien (Schlangen). Nova Guinea. Résultats de l’expedition scientifique néerlandaise à la Nouvelle Guinée en 1907 sous les auspices de Dr. H.A. Lorenz 9. Leiden (E. J. Brill), pp. 265-287
  • Longman, H.A. 1913. Herpetological Notes. Part I. Systematic. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Brisbane, 2: 39-45 - get paper here
  • McDowell, Samuel B. 1972. The species of Stegonotus (Serpentes, Colubridae) in Papua, New Guinea. Zoologische Mededelingen 47: 6-26 - get paper here
  • O’Shea,M. 1996. A Guide to the Snakes of Papua New Guinea. Independent Publishing, Port Moresby, xii + 239 pp. - get paper here
  • Schlegel, H. 1837. Essai sur la physionomie des serpens. Partie Descriptive. La Haye (J. Kips, J. HZ. et W. P. van Stockum), 606 S. + xvi - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
  • Werner, F. 1899. Ueber Reptilien und Batrachier aus Togoland, Kamerun und Deutsch-Neu-Guinea grösstentheils aus dem k. Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 49: 132-157 - get paper here
  • Werner, F. 1924. Neue oder wenig bekannte Schlangen aus dem Naturhistorischen Staatsmuseum in Wien. l. Teil. Sitzungsb. Ber. Akad. Wiss., Wien, Abt. l, 133: 29 - 56 - get paper here
 
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