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Telescopus fallax FLEISCHMANN, 1831

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Higher TaxaColubridae, Colubrinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
SubspeciesTelescopus fallax cyprianus BARBOUR & AMARAL 1927
Telescopus fallax fallax (FLEISCHMANN 1831)
Telescopus fallax iberus EICHWALD 1831
Telescopus fallax pallidus STEPANEK 1944
Telescopus fallax syriacus (BOETTGER 1880) 
Common NamesE: Mediterranean Cat Snake, European Catsnake
G: Europäische Katzennatter
Croatian: crnokrpica
Russian: Кошачья змея
Italian: serpente gatto europeo 
SynonymTelescopus fallax fallax (FLEISCHMANN 1831)
? Coluber vivax FITZINGER 1826: 57 (nomen nudum)
Tarbophis fallax FLEISCHMANN 1831: 18
Ailurophis vivax BONAPARTE 1837 in BONAPARTE 1832–1841
Tarbophis iberus EICHWALD 1831 (fide KHALIKOV, pers. comm.)
Tarbophis fallax FLEISCHMANN 1831 (fide KHALIKOV, pers. comm.)
? Tarbophis vivax — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 913
Tachymenis vivax — GÜNTHER 1864: 489
Tarbophis vivax — BOETTGER 1879: 67
Tarbophis vivax — BOULENGER 1888
Tarbophis fallax — VENZMER 1919: 97
Telescopus fallax rhodicus WETTSTEIN 1952
Telescopus fallax mcewani SCHMIDT 1939: 82
Tarbophis fallax — BOULENGER 1913
Tarbophis fallax — MARX 1930
Telescopus fallax multisquamatus WETTSTEIN 1952
Telescopus fallax intermedius GRUBER 1974
Telescopus fallax — ENGELMANN et al 1993
Telescopus fallax — TRAPP 2007
Telescopus fallax intermedius — GRUBER 2009: 140
Telescopus fallax multisquamatus — GRUBER 2009: 141
Telescopus fallax — WALLACH et al. 2014: 711
Telescopus fallax — ŠMÍD et al. 2019
Telescopus fallax rhodicus — CATTANEO et al. 2024

Telescopus fallax cyprianus (BARBOUR & AMARAL 1927)
Tarbophis fallax cyprianus BARBOUR & AMARAL 1927
Tarbophis fallax cyprianus — WERNER 1936
Telescopus fallax cypriacus — GEBEL 2014 (online)
Telescopus fallax cypriacus — GENIEZ 2018: 195

Telescopus fallax iberus EICHWALD 1831
Trigonophis iberus EICHWALD 1831
Tarbophis iberus — BOULENGER 1913
Telescopus fallax iberus — SCHMIDT 1939
Telescopus fallax iberus — LEVITON et al. 1992
Telescopus fallax iberus — ENGELMANN et al 1993
Telescopus iberus — FRANK & RAMUS 1995: 240
Telescopus fallax iberus — BISCHOFF 2002
Telescopus fallax ibericus [sic] — RASTEGAR-POUYANI et al. 2008
Telescopus fallax iberus — GRUBER 2009: 140
Telescopus fallax iberus — NILSON & RASTEGAR-POUYANOI 2013
Telescopus fallax iberus — GENIEZ 2018: 195

Telescopus fallax pallidus STEPANEK 1944
Telescopus fallax pallidus STEPANEK 1944: 145
Telescopus fallax christianus BUCHHOLZ 1955
Telescopus fallax pallidus — FRÖR & BEUTLER 1978
Telescopus fallax pallidus — SOWIG 1985
Telescopus fallax pallidus — BÖHME 2014: 163
Telescopus fallax pallidus — GENIEZ 2018: 195

Telescopus fallax syriacus (BOETTGER 1880)
Tarbophis vivax f. syriaca BOETTGER 1880: 166
Tarbophis savignyi BOULENGER (fide SCHMIDT 1939: 83)
Tarbophis savignyi — VENZMER 1919: 100
Tarbophis fallax syriacus — MERTENS 1924: 184
Tarbophis fallax syriacus — BARBOUR & AMARAL 1927
Telescopus fallax syriacus — SCHMIDT 1939
Telescopus fallax syriacus — ESTERBAUER 1985
Telescopus fallax syriacus — HRAOUI-BLOQUET et al. 2002
Telescopus fallax syriacus — GÖCMEN et al. 2007
Telescopus fallax syriacus — GENIEZ 2018: 195 
DistributionNE Italy (Limited to Friuli district, Val Rosandra TS [E. RAZZETTI, pers. comm.])
Greece (Paros, Antiparos, Mykonos, Crete, Kalymnos, Samos, Milos: Kimolos, Corfu, Syros, Chios), Albania,
coastal Croatia (including some adriatic islands), Slovenia (?), Serbia, Hercegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia,
S Bulgaria, Turkey, Malta, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Israel, S Russia (Caucasus, Dagestan), Armenia, Republic of Georgia, Azerbaijan

cyprianus: Cyprus

iberus: E Turkey, N Iran, S Russia, Armenia, S Republic of Georgia, Azerbaijan; Type locality: “Tiflis”.

intermedius:” Greece (Antikythira), Type locality: “Insel Antikythira” [Greece]

multisquamatus: Greece (Kufonisi off Crete). Type locality: “Insel Kufonisi”

pallidus: Greece (Crete, Gavdos, Elasa, Christiana); Type locality: “Gaudos, Insel, südlich von Kreta”

syriacus: Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, SE Turkey, N Israel; Type locality: “Jaffa”

Type locality: Trieste  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: nondesignated fide Wallach et al. 2014: 711
Holotype: ZFMK 9233, paratype in ZFMK [christianus]
Holotype: MCZ 22375 [cyprianus]
Holotype: unlocated fide V. Wallach and I. Doronin, pers. comm. May 2019 [iberus]
Holotype: ZSM 19/1972, female, collected by U. Gruber, 05.04.1972 [intermedius]
Lectotype: NMP 6V (Zool. N. Mus. Prag) 5632b (designated by Stepanek 1944, no holotype designated) [pallidus]
Lectotype: SMF 19632, male (fide Mertens 1967; original type was SMF 9047 fide Mertens 1922: 181) [syriacus]
Holotype: NMW XIX/1950-51, male [multisquamatus]
Holotype: ZFMK 9233 [christianus] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (2269 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentVenomous, but usually not dangerous to humans.

Subspecies: T. f. nigriceps are considered as valid species. However T. nigriceps and T. hoogstraali are paraphyletic with respect to T. fallax (s.l.). The T. fallax group is thus in need of revision (SMID et al. 2019). The validity of Telescopus fallax intermedius, T. f. rhodicus, and T. f. multisquamatus remain unclear, hence we consider them as synonyms of the nominate form for the time being.

Distribution: listed as questionable/possible for Jordan by DISI et al. 2001. Doesn’t live on the Strophades as is occasionally reported. Syros fide Sylvie Haller Xylouris (pers. comm. 10 Aug 2014). For maps Sindaco et al. 2013, Bar et al. 2021, Šmíd et al. 2019: 39 (Fig. 1). 
EtymologyA Latin adjective meaning ‘deceptive’ or ‘fallacious’ in the neutral nominative, with unclear justification.

T. f. cyprianus was named after its distribution on Cyprus.

T. f. syriacus was named after its distribution in Syria. 
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