You are here » home search results Terrapene carolina

Terrapene carolina (LINNAEUS, 1758)

IUCN Red List - Terrapene carolina - Vulnerable, VU

Can you confirm these amateur observations of Terrapene carolina?

Add your own observation of
Terrapene carolina »

Find more photos by Google images search: Google images

Higher TaxaEmydidae, Emydinae, Testudinoidea, Testudines (turtles)
SubspeciesTerrapene carolina bauri TAYLOR 1895
Terrapene carolina carolina (LINNAEUS 1758)
Terrapene carolina major (AGASSIZ 1857) 
Common NamesE: Florida Box Turtle [bauri]
E: Eastern Box Turtle [carolina]
E: Gulf Coast Box Turtle [major]
E: Three-toed box turtle
G: Carolina-Dosenschildkröte
S: Caja de Carolina 
SynonymTestudo carolina LINNAEUS 1758: 198
Testudo caroliniana DAUDIN 1802 (ex errore)
Terrapene carolina — BELL 1825
Emys tritentaculata ST. HILAIRE 1829 (nomen nudum) in CUVIER
Testudo irregulata DAUDIN 1831 (nomen nudum) in GRAY in GRIFFITH
Cistudo carolina — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 210
Cistuda clausa — KIRTLAND 1838: 167
Cistudo Carolina — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 224
Cistudo carolina — GRAY 1864: 106
Cistudo virginiana — BRÜHL 1880
Testudo virginiana — BRÜHL 1877
Cistudo carolina — BOULENGER 1889
Terrapene carolina — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989: 194
Terrapene carolina — KÖHLER 2000: 23
Terrapene carolina — TTWG 2021

Terrapene carolina carolina (LINNAEUS 1758)
Testudo carinata LINNAEUS 1758: 198
Testudo brevi-caudata LACÉPÈDE 1788 (nom. subst. pro T. carol. LINNAEUS)
Testudo incarcerata BONNATERRE 1789
Testudo incarcerato-striata BONNATERRE 1789
Testudo clausa GMELIN 1789
Testudo virgulata LATREILLE 1801
Emys schneideri SCHWEIGGER 1812
Monoclida kentukensis RAFINESQUE 1822
Cistuda clausa — SAY 1824: 205
Terrapene maculata BELL 1825
Terrapene nebulosa BELL 1825
Emys kinosternoides GRAY 1831: 32
Emys Cinosternoides — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 303
Terrapene clausa — BELL 1836-1842
Cistudo virginea AGASSIZ 1857: 445
Cistudo eurypygia COPE 1870:124
Terrapene clausa — SOWERBY 1872
Cistudo carolina var. cinosternoides — BOULENGER 1889
Cistudo carolina — BOULENGER 1895: 331
Cistudo cinosternoides — BOULENGER 1895: 331
Terrapene carolina carolina — STEJNEGER & BARBOUR 1917
Terrapene carolina carolina — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 52
Terrapene carolina carolina — CROTHER 2000
Terrapene carolina carolina — RHODIN et al. 2010
Terrapene carolina carolina — SPINNER 2019
Terrapene carolina carolina — TTWG 2021

Terrapene carolina bauri TAYLOR 1895
Terrapene bauri TAYLOR 1895
Terrapene carolina bauri — CARR 1940
Terrapene carolina bauri — MILSTEAD 1969
Terrapene carolina bauri — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989: 195
Terrapene carolina bauri — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 53
Terrapene carolina bauri — CROTHER 2000
Terrapene carolina bauri — RHODIN et al. 2010
Terrapene baurii — CROTHER et al. 2012
Terrapene carolina bauri — TTWG 2012
Terrapene baurii — MAYS et al. 2017
Terrapene carolina bauri — TTWG 2017: 36 (undecided)
Terrapene baurii — CROTHER et al. 2017
Terrapene carolina baurii — SPINNER 2019
Terrapene bauri — JONES et al. 2021
Terrapene bauri — LIPPS JR 2021
Terrapene carolina bauri — TTWG 2021
Terrapene bauri — DREW & DONINI 2022

Terrapene carolina major (AGASSIZ 1857)
Cistudo major AGASSIZ 1857
Cistudo carolina var. major — BOULENGER 1889
Cistudo major — BOULENGER 1895: 330
Terrapene major — ALLEN 1932
Terrapene carolina major — CARR 1940
Terrapene carolina major — MILSTEAD 1969
Terrapene carolina major — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989: 194
Terrapene carolina major — CROTHER 2000
Terrapene carolina major — RHODIN et al. 2010
Terrapene carolina major — RHODIN et al. 2017
Terrapene carolina major — SPINNER 2019
Terrapene carolina major — TTWG 2021 
DistributionUSA (S Maine, S New Hampshire, SE New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, S Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, E Kansas, E Oklahoma, C/E Texas)
Mexico (Tamaulipas, Veracruz)

Has been introduced to the Mariana Islands (Guam) in the Pacific Ocean (LEVER 2003): 21), and New Mexico (Stuart et al. 2018).

bauri: Florida; Type locality: “Florida;” restricted to “Orlando, Florida” [Orange County] by Schmidt (1953:94).

carolina: Canada (S Ontario), Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán), USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michi- gan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia)

major: USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi); Type locality: “Mobile [Alabama] ... Florida”, restricted to Mobile, Mobile County, Alabama by Schmidt, 1953: 94.

Type locality: “Carolina”

Elevation: 0-1663 m (Chan et al. 2016)  
ReproductionOviparous. Exhibits temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD) fide Cornejo-Páramo et al. 2020 (and references therein). 
TypesSyntype: MCZ R-184564
Syntypes: USNM 86871 (formerly MCZ 1519, 1522–1525) (alcoholic adult female, CL 119 mm), New Orleans, Louisiana, collected by N. B. Benedict, date unknown, cataloged 6 Dec 1932 (see also Reynolds et al. 2007); USNM 86872 (formerly MCZ 1519) (alcoholic adult female, CL 114 mm), locality, collector, and catalog date as for USNM 86871 (see Reynolds et al. 2007) [triunguis]
Holotype: USNM 8352 (alcoholic adult female, CL 137 mm), collected by F. B. Meek, 1875. Syntype: MCZ R-1508 [bauri]
Syntypes: MCZ 1505,1507,1509-1510 (females), 1506 (male), 1508 (juvenile, probably male) [major] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (4480 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentSubspecies: following Martin et al. (2013) who removed Terrapene carolina triunguis (AGASSIZ 1857), T. c. mexicana (GRAY 1849), and T. c. yucatana (BOULENGER 1895) and assign them to T. mexicana. Spinks et al. 2016 suggested to synonymize mexicana with T. c. triunguis without commenting on the priority issue. Martin et al. (2013) suggested elevating a clade consisting of triunguis, mexicana, and yucatana to a distinct species: Terrapene mexicana ssp. (Martin et al. 2013). This was rejected by Fritz & Havaš 2014. We follow TTWG 2017 who considered both Terrapene carolina mexicana and Terrapene mexicana as valid names (same for yucatana and triunguis).

Hybridization: Terrapene carolina triunguis (AGASSIZ 1857) and Terrapene ornata ornata (AGASSIZ 1857) may hybridize in Texas (Lutterschmidt et al. 2007). Butler et al. (2011) showed that T. c. major does not possess a diagnosable morphology and provide evidence that major resulted from introgression between eastern extant (predominantly T. c. carolina) and an extinct subspecies, T. c. putnami. Hybridization of the box turtles Terrapene carolina and T. ornata has been reported throughout their sympatric range (Cureton et al. 2011).

Phylogenetics: T. coahuila, carolina, and triunguis are closely related phylogenetically, although they are often treated as separate species. Genetically, they may be more appropriately treated as subspecies (see Thomson et al. 2021).

Distribution: for a range map of carolina, bauri, major, triunguis, ornata, and luteola, see Martin et al. 2013. Not listed for San Luis Potosí by Lemos-Espinal & Dixon 2013. Not in Campeche, Yucatan, or Quintana Roo, Mexico fide GONZÁLEZ-SÁNCHEZ et al. 2017. Distribution: Not listed for San Luis Potosí by Lemos-Espinal et al. 2018 (checklist SLP).

Karyotype: is 2n = 50, 26 macrochromosomes, 24 microchromosomes (Stock, 1972; Killebrew, 1977a)

Type species: Testudo clausa GMELIN 1789 is the type species of the genus Terrapene MERREM 1820 (STEJNEGER 1902).

Synonyms: Bianconi 1851: 95 also mentioned Terrapene concentrica of unknown identity.

Habitat: terrestrial (usually in forests)

Key to the species of Terrapene: Ernst & Barbour 1989. 
EtymologyNamed after its occurence in the “Carolinas”, North and South Carolina.

The genus was possibly named after American Indian or Canadian Indian Algonquin words, terrapin or Terrapene. Algonquins were First Nations peoples of Ontario and Québec, but also included people ranging south to Virginia), according to Nason 1866; Gotch 1986; Ernst and McBreen 1991. However, the words mikinák (general name for tortoise or turtle) and posikato (land turtle) are Eastern Algonquin words for turtles, which obviously bear no resemblance to terrapin. According to Siebert (1975), the word terrapin was derived from the Powhatan word “torope”, Eastern Algonquin for a variety of turtle, or derivatives thereof. Later derivations were provided by Beverley (1705: 14, as tarapin), Lawson (1709: 133, as terebins, of which he noted both land and water types), and Brickell (1737: plate after p. 134 and pp. 138–139, as terebin). Thus, it is likely that the word torope was incorporated into English by early New World Virginia colonists to mean a turtle, or more specifically, a land turtle. See Dodd et al. 2016 for more details.

bauri: The name bauri is a patronym honoring Dr. Georg Baur, “who first noted the peculiarities of the type.” 
References
  • Abdala, V.; Manzano, A.S. & Herrel, A. 2008. The distal forelimb musculature in aquatic and terrestrial turtles: phylogeny or environmental constraints? J. Anat. 213: 159–172 - get paper here
  • Abraham, G. 1984. Das Portrait: Terrapene carolina triunguis - Dreizehen - Dosenschildkröte. Sauria 6 (3): 1-2 - get paper here
  • Adams, N.A., D.L. Claussen & J. Skillings 1989. Effects of Temperature on Voluntary Locomotion of the Eastern Box Turtle, Terrapene carolina carolina Copeia 1989 (4): 905-915. - get paper here
  • Agassiz, Louis 1857. Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. vol. 1. Little, Brown & Co., Boston, lii + 452 pp. - get paper here
  • Aguilar-López JL, Luría-Manzano R, Pineda E, Canseco-Márquez L 2021. Selva Zoque, Mexico: an important Mesoamerican tropical region for reptile species diversity and conservation. ZooKeys 1054: 127-153 - get paper here
  • Allen, Morrow J. 1932. A survey of the Amphibians and reptiles of Harrison County, Mississippi. American Museum Novitates (542): 1-20 - get paper here
  • ALTOBELLI, JOSEPH T.; PATRICK B. LAARMAN & JENNIFER A. MOORE. 2021. First Year Survival of Hatchling Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) at Their Northern Range Limit in Michigan’s Lower Peninsula. Journal of Herpetology 55(4): 432–441. - get paper here
  • Anderson, W M & Boughton, R K 2018. Geographic Distribution: Terrapene bauri (Florida Box Turtle). Herpetological Review 49 (2): 285-286 - get paper here
  • Barbour, T., and L. J. Cole. 1906. Vertebrata from Yucatan. Reptilia, Amphibia and Pisces. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 50: 146-159 - get paper here
  • Bartlett, R. D. & Bartlett, P. 1999. A Field Guide to Texas Reptiles and Amphibians. Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, Texas, 331 pp.
  • Bauer A.M. and Russell A.P 2017. Carl Bernhard Brühl and the Herpetological Contributions of his Zootomie aller Thierklassen. Bibliotheca Herpetologica 13 (1-2): 4-34 - get paper here
  • Beane, J C 2019. New geographic distribution records for reptiles from North Carolina, USA. Herpetological Review 50 (3): 538-542 - get paper here
  • Bell, T. 1836. A monograph of the Testudinata. London, 1836-1842 (sometimes given as 1832-1836, not date given, unnumbered pages) - get paper here
  • Bianconi, J.J. 1851. Specimina Zoologica Mosambicana V. Mem. Acad. Sci. Ist. Bologna 3: 91-112 + 4 plates - get paper here
  • Birkhead, Roger D. 2013. Geographic Distribution: Terrapene carolina (eastern box turtle). Herpetological Review 44 (4): 624 - get paper here
  • Blaney, R. M. 1968. Hybridization of the box turtles Terrapene carolina and T. ornata in western Louisiana. The Proceedings of the Louisiana Academy of Sciences 31: 54-57
  • Boers, K., et al. 2017. Capture effort, rate, demographics, and potential for disease transmission in wild Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) captured through canine directed searches. Herpetological Review 48 (2): 300-304 - get paper here
  • Bogert, Charles M. (Charles Mitchill); Cowles, Raymond B. (Raymond Bridgman) 1947. Moisture loss in relation to habitat selection in some Floridian reptiles. American Museum novitates (1358) - get paper here
  • Bogosian, Victor; Eric C. Hellgren, and Raymond W. Moody 2012. Assemblages of Amphibians, Reptiles, and Mammals on an Urban Military Base in Oklahoma. Southwestern Naturalist 57 (3): 277-284. - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G. A. 1895. On the American Box-tortoises. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6)15: 330-331 - get paper here
  • Brühl, C.B. 1874. Zootomie aller Thierklassen für Lernende, nach Autopsien, skizzirt. Bd. 1-4. Alfred Hölder, Wien: Bd. 1, 86 pp.; Bd. 2, 90 pp.; Bd. 3, 114 pp.; Bd. 4, 152 pp. (published in parts from 1874 to 1888, see Bauer & Russell 2017 for details) - get paper here
  • BUCHANAN, SCOTT W.; TANNER K. STEEVES & NANCY E. KARRAKER. 2021. Mortality of Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene c. carolina) After a Growing Season Prescribed Fire. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 16(3): 715–725. - get paper here
  • Buhlmann, Kurt; Tracey Tuberville & Whit Gibbons 2008. TURTLES OF THE SOUTHEAST. University of Georgia Press, Athens, iv + 264 pp.
  • Burke, Russell L. and William Capitano 2011. Eastern Box Turtle, Terrapene carolina, Neonate Overwintering Ecology on Long Island, New York. Chelonian Conservation and Biology Dec 2011, Vol. 10, No. 2: 256-259. - get paper here
  • Burt, Charles E. 1935. Further records of the ecology and distribution of amphibians and reptiles in the middle west. American Midland Naturalist 16 (3): 311-336 - get paper here
  • Buskirk, J.R. 1994. Die Yucatan-Dosenschildkröte (Terrapene carolina yucatana). Herpetofauna 16 (90): 06-11 - get paper here
  • Butler, Jason M.; C. Kenneth Dodd Jr., Matt Aresco & James D. Austin 2011. MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT THE GULF COAST BOX TURTLE (TERRAPENE CAROLINA MAJOR) IS NOT A DISTINCT EVOLUTIONARY LINEAGE IN THE FLORIDA PANHANDLE. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 102: 889-901 - get paper here
  • Camper, Jeffrey D. 2019. The Reptiles of South Carolina. University of South Carolina Press, 288 pp. [review in Copeia 107 (3): 590, 2019] - get paper here
  • CAPOBIANCO, CHRISTIAN M.; LILY R. MORGAN & JAMES R. FLOWERS. 2021. TERRAPENE CAROLINA CAROLINA (Eastern Box Turtle). MYIASIS. Herpetological Review 52 (1): 134–135. - get paper here
  • Carlson, B.E. 2018. Terrapene carolina (Eastern Box Turtle) Resistance to egg predation. Herpetological Review 49 (1): 111. - get paper here
  • CARLSON, BRADLEY E. 2022. TERRAPENE CAROLINA CAROLINA (Eastern Box Turtle). SAMESEX MOUNTING BEHAVIOR. Herpetological Review 53 (1): 125–126.
  • Carpenter, C.C. 1957. Hibernation, Hibernacula and Associated Behavior of the Three-Toed Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina triunguis) Copeia 1957 (4): 278-282. - get paper here
  • Chan, Aung N., Luke R. McDonald, Matthew Christiansen, Taylor F. Hackemack, Craig D. Marshall, Scott A. Rush, John A. Trent and Eric C. Soehren. 2016. Terrapene carolina carolina (Eastern Box Turtle) High elevation record. Herpetological Review 47 (1): 129 - get paper here
  • Clark, H. 1935. On the Occurrence of a Probable Hybrid between the Eastern and Western Box Turtles, Terrapene carolina and T. ornata, near Lake Maxinkuckee, Indiana. Copeia, 1935(3), 148-150 - get paper here
  • Colston, Timothy J.; José António L. Barão-Nóbrega, Ryan Manders, Alice Lett, Jamie Wilmott, Gavin Cameron, Sidony Hunter, Adam Radage, Etienne Littlefair, Robert J. Williams, Antonio Lopez Cen, Kathy Slater 2015. Amphibians and reptiles of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, México, with new records. Check List 11 (5): 1759 - get paper here
  • Conant, Roger 1938. The Reptiles of Ohio. American Midland Naturalist 20 (1): 1-200 - get paper here
  • Conant,R. & Collins,J.T. 1991. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern/Central North America, 3rd ed. Houghton Mifflin (Boston/New York), xx + 450 p.
  • Congdon, J.D., R.E. Gatten, Jr. & S.J. Morreale 1989. Overwintering Activity of Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina) in South Carolina Journal of Herpetology 23 (2): 179-181. - get paper here
  • Connior, M. B. 2012. Geographic distribution: Terrapene carolina triunguis (three-toed box turtle). Herpetological Review 43: 444 - get paper here
  • Cook, R.P. 2004. Dispersal, home range establishment, survival, and reproduction of translocated eastern box turtles, Terrapene c. carolina. Applied Herpetology 1 (3): 197-228 - get paper here
  • Cooke, W.W. 1910. Incubation period of box turtle eggs. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 23: 124 - get paper here
  • Cornejo-Páramo, P., Lira-Noriega, A., Ramírez-Suástegui, C. et al. 2020. Sex determination systems in reptiles are related to ambient temperature but not to the level of climatic fluctuation. BMC Evol Biol 20: 103 - get paper here
  • Costanzo, J.P., R.E. Lee, Jr. & M.F. Wright 1993. Physiological Responses to Freezing in the Turtle Terrapene carolina Journal of Herpetology 27 (1): 117-120. - get paper here
  • Crother, B. I. (ed.) 2012. Standard Common and Current Scientific Names for North American Amphibians, Turtles, Reptiles, and Crocodilians, Seventh Edition. Herpetological Circular 39: 1-92
  • Culver, D.E. 1915. Box Tortoise (Terrapene carolina) Swimming a Creek Copeia 22: 36-37. - get paper here
  • Cupp, Paul V., Jr. 2016. Terrapene carolina (Eastern Box Turtle) Yellow jacket attack. Herpetological Review 47 (2): 289 - get paper here
  • Cureton, James C.; Anna B. Buchman, Raelynn Deaton, and William I. Lutterschmidt 2011. Molecular Analysis of Hybridization between the Box Turtles Terrapene carolina and T. ornata. Copeia 2011 (2): 270-277. - get paper here
  • DANIEL, R.E.; B.S. EDMOND AND J.T. BRIGGLER 2014. NEW HERPETOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION RECORDS FOR MISSOURI IN 2014. Missouri Herpetological Association Newsletter (27): 15-17 - get paper here
  • Davis, Bryan and Roger D. Birkhead. 2013. Terrapene carolina (eastern box turtle) diet. Herpetological Review 44 (4): 659 - get paper here
  • Deck, R.S. 1927. Longevity of Terrapene carolina (Linne) Copeia 160: 179. - get paper here
  • Dick, Alexander 1996. Die Carolina-Dosenschildkröte. TI Magazin (128): 43-45
  • Diggins, C. A., S. D. Higdon and W. M. Ford 2016. Terrapene carolina carolina (Eastern Box Turtle) maximum elevation. Herpetological Review 47(3): 454. - get paper here
  • Dixon, James R. 2000. Amphibians and reptiles of Texas, second edition. Texas A&M University Press, 421 pp.
  • Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr 1997. Population structure and the evolution of sexual size dimorphism and sex ratios in an insular population of Florida box turtles (Terrapene carolina bauri). Can. J. Zool. 75: 1495-1507 - get paper here
  • Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr. 2001. North American Box Turtles: A Natural History. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. [review in Reptilia 40: 86]
  • Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr., Kraig Adler, Roger Bour, Chuck Schaffer, Scott Thomson and Timothy J. Walsh. 2016. The etymology of Terrapin and Terrapene. Herpetological Review 47 (2): 191-192 - get paper here
  • Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr;Franz, Richard;Johnson, Steve A. 1997. Shell injuries and anomalies in an insular population of Florida box turtles (Terrapene carolina bauri). Herpetological Natural History 5 (1): 66-72 - get paper here
  • Dodd, C. Kenneth; Natalie L. Hyslop, and Madan K. Oli 2012. The Effects of Disturbance Events on Abundance and Sex Ratios of a Terrestrial Turtle, Terrapene bauri. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 11 (1): 44-49. - get paper here
  • Dodd, C.K., Jr. 1998. Biomass of an Island Population of Florida Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina bauri) Journal of Herpetology 32 (1): 150-152. - get paper here
  • Donaldson, B.M. & A.C. Echternacht 2005. Aquatic Habitat Use Relative to Home Range and Seasonal Movement of Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina: Emydidae) in Eastern Tennessee Journal of Herpetology 39 (2): 278-284. - get paper here
  • Douglas, Daniel A. 2014. Terrapene carolina carolina (eastern box turtle) potential mode of dispersal in terrestrial gastropods. Herpetological Review 45 (2): 321 - get paper here
  • DREW, JACLYN & JORDAN DONINI. 2022. TERRAPENE BAURI (Florida Box Turtle). ECTOPARASITE. Herpetological Review 53 (1): 124–125.
  • Duméril, A. M.C., G. BIBRON & A. DUMÉRIL 1854. Erpétologie générale ou Histoire Naturelle complète des Reptiles. Vol. 9. Paris, XX + 440 S. - get paper here
  • Duméril, A.M.C., and G. Bibron. 1835. Erpétologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complète des Reptiles, Vol. 2. Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, iv + 680 p. - get paper here
  • Dury, R. 1932. Notes on Reptiles and Amphibians From Clifty Falls State Park, Jefferson County, Indiana. Proc. Jr. Soc. Nat. Hist. Cincinnati 3 (2): 23-26
  • Edney, J.M. & W.R. Allen 1951. Age of the Boxturtle, Terrapene carolina carolina (Linnaeus) Copeia 1951 (4): 312. - get paper here
  • Ernst, C H; McBreen J F 1991. Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus). Eastern box turtle. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles ( 512: 1-13 - get paper here
  • Ernst, Carl H.; Lovich, Jeffrey E. 2009. Turtles of the United States and Canada, 2nd edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, 827 pp. - get paper here
  • Ernst,C.H. and Barbour,R.W. 1989. Turtles of the World. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. - London
  • Ewing, H. 1933. Reproduction in the Eastern Box-Turtle Terrapene carolina carolina (Linné). Copeia, 1933(2), 95-96 - get paper here
  • Ewing, H. 1935. Further Notes on the Reproduction of the Eastern Box-Turtle, Terrapene carolina (Linné). Copeia, 1935(2), 102-102 - get paper here
  • Ferguson, Gary W. 1977. Display and Communications in Reptiles: An Historical Perspective. American Zoologist 17: 167-176 - get paper here
  • Fleckenstein, Leo J., Mickey Agha and Steven J. Price. 2015. Terrapene carolina (eastern box turtle) diet. Herpetological Review 46 (1): 85 - get paper here
  • Foster, N. & Conway, C. 2012. Geographic distribution: Terrapene carolina (eastern box turtle). Herpetological Review 43: 443-444 - get paper here
  • Frederickson, Todd S. 2019. Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) Population Structure in Franklin County, Virginia. Catesbeiana 39 (2): 49-56 - get paper here
  • FRITZ, UWE & PETER HAVAŠ 2014. On the reclassification of Box Turtles (Terrapene): A response to Martin et al. (2014). Zootaxa 3835 (2): 295–298 - get paper here
  • Gienger, C.M. and Eva M. Urdiales 2017. Influences on Standard Metabolism in Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina). Chelonian Conservation and Biology Dec 2017, Vol. 16, No. 2: 159-163. - get paper here
  • Gillette, D. D. 1974. A proposed revision of the evolutionary history of Terrapene carolina triunguis. Copeia 1974 (2): 537-539 - get paper here
  • GRAHAM, ASHLEY; JACK NGUYEN & KIYOSHI SASAKI. 2022. Woodland Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) Abundance Declines with Increasing Urban Land Use in the Piedmont. Ichthyology & Herpetology 110(4): 705–713. - get paper here
  • Gray, J.E. 1849. Description of a new species of Box Tortoise from Mexico. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1849: 16-17 - get paper here
  • Gray,J.E. 1864. Observations on the box tortoises, with the description of three new asiatic species. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 13: 105-111 - get paper here
  • Graziano, Matt; David Weisenbeck and David S. McLeod 2019. A Herpetological Survey of the Edith J. Carter Arboretum at James Madison University (Harrisonburg, Virginia). Catesbeiana 39 (2): 97-107 - get paper here
  • Green, N.B., & Pauley, T.K. 1987. Amphibians and reptiles in West Virginia. Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 241 pp.
  • Greenway, James T. and John S. Placyk, Jr. 2015. Geographic Distribution: Terrapene carolina (eastern box turtle). Herpetological Review 46 (3): 383 - get paper here
  • GUEVARA, RICHARD; TAYLOR L. HANCOCK & JORDAN DONINI. 2022. Identification and frequency of algal epiphytes in a coastal population of Florida Box Turtles, Terrapene carolina bauri Taylor, 1895. Herpetology Notes 15: 471–474. - get paper here
  • Günther, A. C. L. G. 1885. Reptilia and Batrachia. Biologia Centrali-Américana. Taylor, & Francis, London, 326 pp. [published in parts from 1885-1902; reprint by the SSAR 1987] - get paper here
  • Hartzell, M. B., S. C. Hartzell and S. M. Hartzell 2016. Geographic Distribution: Terrapene carolina (Eastern Box Turtle). Herpetological Review 47(3): 423. - get paper here
  • Hartzell, S M 2018. Terrapene carolina carolina (Woodland Box Turtle) Claw morphology. Herpetological Review 49 (3): 529-530 - get paper here
  • Hartzell, S. M. 2017. Terrapene carolina (Eastern Box Turtle) Diet. Herpetological Review 48 (2): 429 - get paper here
  • Hartzell, S. M. and M. B. Hartzell 2016. Terrapene carolina carolina (Woodland Box Turtle) and Glyptemys insculpta (Wood Turtle) interspecific basking. Herpetological Review 47(3): 453. - get paper here
  • HARTZELL, SEAN M. 2015. Terrapene carolina carolina (Eastern Box Turtle): Railroad nesting. Herpetological Bulletin (132) - get paper here
  • Hartzell, Sean M., Michael B. Hartzell and Amber L. Pitt. 2016. Geographic Distribution: Terrapene carolina (Eastern Box Turtle). Herpetological Review 47 (1): 80 - get paper here
  • Hattan, L.R. & D.H. Gist 1975. Seminal receptacles in the eastern box turtle, Terrapene carolina Copeia 1975 (3): 505-510. - get paper here
  • Heaton, A. J. 2017. Terrapene carolina major (Gulf Coast Box Turtle) Aquatic habitat use. Herpetological Review 48 (2): 429-430 - get paper here
  • HEATON, ANDREW J.; KIMBERLY A. CRESSMAN, CHRISTINA MOHRMAN & GRETCHEN L. GRAMMER. 2021. TERRAPENE CAROLINA MAJOR (Gulf Coast Box Turtle). BEHAVIOR. Herpetological Review 52 (3): 636–637. - get paper here
  • Hibbitts, Troy D. and Terry L. Hibbitts 2016. Texas Turtles & Crocodilians: a Field Guide. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas. xvi + 276 pp., 117 photos, 36 maps. ISBN 978-1477307779.
  • Himes, John G. 2013. Terrapene carolina (eastern box turtle) midwinter combat and reproductive behavior. Herpetological Review 44 (3): 502-503 - get paper here
  • Hunter, M.L., Jr., Albright, J., & Arbuckle, J., eds. 1992. The amphibians and reptiles of Maine. Maine Agric. Experiment Station, Orono, Bull. 838 188 pp.
  • Hutchison, V.H. & A. Vinegar 1963. The Feeding of the Box Turtle, Terrapene Carolina, on a Live Snake Herpetologica 18 (4): 284. - get paper here
  • Iglay, R.B., J.L. Bowman & N.H. Nazdrowicz 2007. Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) Movements in a Fragmented Landscape Journal of Herpetology 41 (1): 102-106. - get paper here
  • Jackson, Dale R.; Brechtel, Bob 2006. Terrapene, T. carolina, T. c. bauri, T. c. major (American Box Turtles, Eastern Box Turtle, Florida Box Turtle, Gulf Coast Box Turtle). Maximum size. Herpetological Review 37 (3): 342-343. - get paper here
  • Jasser-Häger, I. & Baur, M. 2004. Portrait of the Eastern Box Turtle - Terrapene carolina. Reptilia (GB) (32): 31-34 - get paper here
  • Jasser-Häger, I., Baur, M. & Philippen, H.-D. 2003. Im Porträt: Terrapene carolina (LINNAEUS 1758). Reptilia (Münster) 8 (42): 38-41 - get paper here
  • Jennings, A.H. 2007. Use of habitats and microenvironments by juvenile Florida Box Turtles, Terrapene carolina bauri, on Egmont Key. Herpetologica 63 (1): 1-10 - get paper here
  • Jensen, John B. 2015. Terrapene carolina (eastern box turtle) color and pattern. Herpetological Review 46 (4): 621-622 - get paper here
  • Jensen, John B.; Carlos D. Camp, Whit Gibbons, & Matt J. Elliott 2008. Amphibians and reptiles of Georgia. University of Georgia Press, 575 pp.
  • Jones D, Foshee B, Fitzgerald L 2021. A herpetological survey of Edith L. Moore Nature Sanctuary. Check List 17(1): 27-38 - get paper here
  • Jones, Michael T.; Lisabeth L. Willey, and Noah D. Charney 2016. Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina bauri) on Ancient, Anthropogenic Shell Work Islands in the Ten Thousand Islands Mangrove Estuary, Florida, USA. Journal of Herpetology 50 (1): 94-101. - get paper here
  • Jones, Michael T.; Lisabeth L. Willey, Jonathan D. Mays & C. Kenneth Dodd 2021. Wildfire, Depredation, and Synergistic Management Challenges Contribute to the Decline of a Significant Population of Florida Box Turtles (Terrapene bauri). Chelonian Conservation and Biology 20(2): 200–210. - get paper here
  • Kantz, H. 1990. Ein Darmvorfall bei Testudo carolina carolina (LINNAEUS 1758). Sauria 12 (2): 21-21 - get paper here
  • Kapfer, Joshua M.; David J. Muñoz, John D. Groves and Ryan W. Kirk. 2013. Home range and habitat preferences of Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina Linnaeus, 1758) in the Piedmont Ecological Province of North Carolina (USA). Herpetology Notes 6: 251-260.
  • Kee, Joshua P. 2014. Geographical Distribution: Terrapene carolina (eastern box turtle). Herpetological Review 45 (4): 658 - get paper here
  • KEMP, STANLEY J.; MARY J. KEMP & CHRIS GUERS. 2022. Decline of woodland box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) over 40 years in southeastern Pennsylvania, USA. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 17(1): 196–203. - get paper here
  • Kimble, Steven J. A.; O. E. Rhodes Jr., Rod N. Williams 2014. Unexpectedly Low Rangewide Population Genetic Structure of the Imperiled Eastern Box Turtle Terrapene c. carolina. Plos One 9 (3): e92274 - get paper here
  • King, Richard B.; Oldham, Michael J.; Weller, Wayne F.; Wynn, Douglas. 1997. Historic and current amphibian and reptile distributions in the Island Region of Western Lake Erie. American Midland Naturalist 138(1):153-173 - get paper here
  • Kirtland, J. P. 1838. Report on the zoology of Ohio. [reptiles pp. 167 ff] Second annual report on the geological survey of the state of Ohio : 188-200 - get paper here
  • Knoll, C. 1935. Shield Variation, Reduction, and Age in a Box Terrapin, Terrapene carolina. Copeia, 1935(2), 100-100 - get paper here
  • Köhler, G. 2000. Reptilien und Amphibien Mittelamerikas, Bd 1: Krokodile, Schildkröten, Echsen. Herpeton Verlag, Offenbach, 158 pp.
  • Köhler, G. 2008. Reptiles of Central America. 2nd Ed. Herpeton-Verlag, 400 pp.
  • Langtimm, C.A., C.K. Dodd & R. Franz 1996. Estimates of abundance of Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina bauri) on a Florida island Herpetologica 52 (4): 496-504. - get paper here
  • Lee, J. C. 2000. A field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the Maya world. Cornell University Press, Ithaca,
  • Leuck,B. & Carpenter,C.C. 1981. Shell variation in a population of Three-toed Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina triunguis). Journal of Herpetology 15 (1): 53-58 - get paper here
  • Lever, C. 2003. Naturalized reptiles and amphibians of the world. Oxford University Press, 338 pp.
  • Linnaeus, C. [= Linné, C. von] 1758. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiæ. 10th Edition: 824 pp. - get paper here
  • LIPPS JR., GREGORY J. 2021. TERRAPENE BAURI (Florida Box Turtle). ATTEMPTED PLASTIC INGESTION. Herpetological Review 52 (1): 132–133. - get paper here
  • LISK, JULIE & BRYAN WINDMILLER. 2021. TERRAPENE CAROLINA CAROLINA (Eastern Box Turtle). DOUBLE CLUTCHING. Herpetological Review 52 (1): 134. - get paper here
  • Löhr, B. & Wilms, T. 2003. Zur Haltung, Pflege und Vermehrung der Dreizehen-Dosenschildkröte - Terrapene carolina triunguis (AGASSIZ 1857) - bis zur F2-Generation. Draco 4 (13): 59-65 - get paper here
  • Lönnberg, Einar 1894. Notes on reptiles and batrachians collected in Florida in 1892 and 1893. Proc. US Natl. Mus. 17 (1003): 317-339 - get paper here
  • Love, B. 2007. Unfälle oder Gemetzel. Reptilia (Münster) 12 (68): 88-89 - get paper here
  • Love, B. 2010. Florgia Herping. Reptilia (Münster) 15 (83): 18-19 - get paper here
  • Lovich, J.E. & Jaworski, T.R. 1988. Annotated checklist of Amphibians and Reptiles reported from Cedar Bog, Ohio. Ohio J. Sci. 88 (4): 139-143 - get paper here
  • Lutterschmidt, W.I.; Escobar, S.A. & Wilson, E.D. 2007. Multivariate Analyses of Shell Morphology of Putative Hybrid Box Turtles. Southwestern Naturalist 6 (4): 571-576 - get paper here
  • MANTZOUIRIS, K., K. BARRETT, AND E. BRONSON 2020. Confirmation of Successful Brumation of Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina): A Comparison of Translocated vs. Resident Turtles through Incidental Encounters In and Around the Maryland Zoo in Baltimore. Herpetological Review 51: 20-23.
  • MARTIN, BRADLEY T.; NEIL P. BERNSTEIN, ROGER D. BIRKHEAD, JIM F. KOUKL, STEVEN M. MUSSMANN & JOHN S. PLACYK, JR 2014. On the Reclassification of the Terrapene (Testudines: Emydidae): A Response to Fritz & Havaš. Zootaxa 3835 (2): 292–294 - get paper here
  • Martin, Bradley T.; Neil P. Bernstein, Roger D. Birkhead, Jim F. Koukl, Steven M. Mussmann, John S. Placyk Jr. 2013. Sequence-based molecular phylogenetics and phylogeography of the American box turtles (Terrapene spp.) with support from DNA barcoding. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 68 (1): 119–134 - get paper here
  • Marvin, G.A. & W.I. Lutterschmidt 1997. Locomotor Performance in Juvenile and Adult Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina): A Reanalysis for Effects of Body Size and Extrinsic Load Using a Terrestrial Species Journal of Herpetology 31 (4): 582-586. - get paper here
  • Mays, Jonathan D., Enge, Kevin M., Emerick, Adam and Hill, E. Pierson 2017. New island records for reptiles in the Florida Keys, Monroe County, Florida, USA. Herpetological Review 48 (1): 145-146 - get paper here
  • McAllister, Chris T. and Henry W. Robison. 2014. Geographic Distribution: Terrapene carolina triunguis (three-toed box turtle). Herpetological Review 45 (3): 461 - get paper here
  • McClure, W.L. & W.W. Milstead 1967. Terrapene carolina triunguis from the Late Pleistocene of Southeast Texas Herpetologica 23 (4): 321-322. - get paper here
  • McCord, W.P. & Joseph-Ouni, M. 2003. Chelonian Illustrations #11: American box turtles. Reptilia (GB) (31): 59-63 - get paper here
  • McCoy, L., J. R. Ponder, M. Lasalle, R. Smith and R. D. Birkhead 2016. Terrapene carolina major (Gulf Coast Box Turtle) diet. Herpetological Review 47(3): 454-455. - get paper here
  • McKnight, D. T. 2012. Terrapene carolina carolina (eastern box turtle) movement after hurricane. Herpetological Review 43: 327 - get paper here
  • McKnight, Donald T. 2011. Terrapene carolina carolina (eastern box turtle) aggression / reproduction. Herpetological Review 42 (3): 423 - get paper here
  • McKnight, Donald T. M 2011. Observed plant preferences of eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) in a Maryland forest. Herpetology Notes 4: 97-102. - get paper here
  • McLaughlin, Connor J. and C. Tristan Stayton 2016. Convergent Evolution Provides Evidence of Similar Radiations in Shell Shape in the Turtle Families Emydidae and Geoemydidae. Herpetologica 72 (2): 120-129. - get paper here
  • Meck, Jessica R.; Michael T. Jones, Lisabeth L. Willey, and Jonathan D. Mays 2020. Autecological Study of Gulf Coast Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina major) in the Florida Panhandle, USA, Reveals Unique Spatial and Behavioral Characteristics. Herpetological Conservation and Biology, 15 (2): - get paper here
  • Mertens, R. 1973. Das Alter bei der Geschlechtsreife der Dosenschildkröte Terrapene c. carolina. Salamandra 9 (1): 34-35 - get paper here
  • Meshaka Jr, Walter E.;, Jane Netting Huff & Robert C. Leberman 2008. Amphibians and Reptiles of Powdermill Nature Reserve in Western Pennsylvania. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (25): 12-18 - get paper here
  • Milstead, W.W. 1969. Studies on the evolution of box turtles (genus Terrapene). Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences 14 (1): 1-113. - get paper here
  • Mitchell, J. C. & Reay, K.K. 1999. Atlas of amphibians and reptiles in Virginia. Specialty Publication 1, VA Dept of Game and Fisheries, 122 pp. - get paper here
  • Mitchell, J.C. 1994. The reptiles of Virginia. Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, ca. 350 pp.
  • Mitchell, Joseph C. and Foertmeyer, Stephanie 2017. Terrapene carolina carolina (Eastern Box Turtle) Clutch frequency. Herpetological Review 48 (1): 86 - get paper here
  • Muegel, L.A. & D.L. Claussen 1994. Effects of Slope on Voluntary Locomotor Performance in the Turtle, Terrapene carolina carolina Journal of Herpetology 28 (1): 6-11. - get paper here
  • Munscher, Eric C. and Adrian Barcas. 2014. Geographic Distribution: Terrapene carolina triunguis (three-toed box turtle). Herpetological Review 45 (1): 90 - get paper here
  • Murphy, T.D. 1964. Box Turtle, Terrapene carolina, in Stomach of Copperhead, Agkistrodon contortrix Copeia 1964 (1): 221. - get paper here
  • Myers, C. 1952. Terrapene carolina triunguis Winters in the Egg Herpetologica 8 (3): 80. - get paper here
  • Nichols, J. 1939. Data on Size, Growth and Age in the Box Turtle, Terrapene carolina Copeia, 1939(1), 14-20 - get paper here
  • Nichols, J. T. 1914. Box Turtle Active in December. Copeia 1914 (3): 4 - get paper here
  • Nichols, J.T. 1917. Stray Notes on Terrapene carolina Copeia 46: 66-68. - get paper here
  • Nichols, J.T. 1940. Eye Color in the Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina) Copeia 1940 (2): 130. - get paper here
  • Palis, John G. 2017. Terrapene carolina (Eastern Box Turtle) Shell deformity. Herpetological Review 48 (1): 181 - get paper here
  • Palis, John G., Sellar, Jean A. and Mitchell, Joseph C. 2016. Terrapene carolina (Eastern Box Turtle) Diet. Herpetological Review 47 (4): 657 - get paper here
  • Palmer, W.M. & Braswell, A.L. 1995. Reptiles of North Carolina. Univ. North Carolina Press
  • Peterson, R & Birkhead, R D; 2019. Geographic Distribution: Terrapene carolina (Common Box Turtle) USA: Alabama: Dale Co. Herpetological Review 50 (2): 326-327 - get paper here
  • Philippen, H.-D. 2004. Box turtles of the genus Terrapene. Reptilia (GB) (32): 12-18 - get paper here
  • Philippen, H.-D. & Jasser-Häger, I. 2003. Die Dosenschildkröten der Gattung Terrapene. Reptilia (Münster) 8 (42): 19-24 - get paper here
  • Phillips, JG 2016. Updated Geographic Distributions of Michigan Herpetofauna: a Synthesis of Old and New Sources. The Journal of North American Herpetology 2016: 45–69 - get paper here
  • PLATT, STEVEN G. & THOMAS R. RAINWATER. 2022. TERRAPENE CAROLINA (Eastern Box Turtle). BEHAVIOR IN FLOOD. Herpetological Review 53 (1): 125.
  • Polley, K.P. 1989. A Terrapene carolina triunguis from Maryland Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc., 25(2): 58-59. - get paper here
  • Price, J.W. 1951. A Half-Century-Old Boxturtle, Terrapene carolina carolina (Linnaeus), from Northern Ohio Copeia 1951 (4): 312. - get paper here
  • Reagan, D.P. 1974. Habitat Selection in the Three-Toed Box Turtle, Terrapene carolina triunguis Copeia 1974 (2): 512-527. - get paper here
  • REFSNIDER, JEANINE M.; SARAH E. CARTER, ALEXIS DIAZ, AUSTIN C. HULBERT, GUNNAR R. KRAMER, PAIGE MADDEN & HENRY M. STREBY. 2022. Macro- and Microhabitat Predictors of Nest Success and Hatchling Survival in Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) and Spotted Turtles (Clemmys guttata) in Oak Savanna Landscapes. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9. - get paper here
  • Regester, Elisabeth T., Laurel T. Regester and Kurt J. Regester. 2015. Geographic Distribution: Terrapene carolina carolina (woodland box turtle). Herpetological Review 46 (4): 567 - get paper here
  • Reynolds, Robert P.; Steve W. Gotte, and Carl H. Ernst 2007. Catalog of Type Specimens of Recent Crocodilia and Testudines in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 626: 1-49 - get paper here
  • RODRIGUEZ, ADRIAN; REBECCA SPEER & JORDAN DONINI. 2021. TERRAPENE CAROLINA BAURI (Florida Box Turtle). DIET. Herpetological Review 52 (2): 399. - get paper here
  • Roe, John H. and Nacy, Joseph P. 2017. Terrapene carolina carolina (Eastern Box Turtle) and Clemmys guttata (Spotted Turtle) Interspecific interaction. Herpetological Review 48 (1): 181-182 - get paper here
  • Roe, John H.; Kristoffer H. Wild, and Zachary R. Lunn 2018. Inter- and Intra-population Variation in Habitat Selection for a Forest-dwelling Terrestrial Turtle, Terrapene carolina carolina. Herp. Cons. Biol. 13 (3): 711–725 - get paper here
  • Rosenberger, R. 1936. Notes on Some Habits of Terrapene carolina (Linné). Copeia, 1936(3), 177-177 - get paper here
  • RUHE, B. M., AND J. D. AVERY 2020. Geographic Distribution: Terrapene carolina carolina (Woodland Box Turtle). USA: Pennsylvania: Clinton Co.:. Herpetological Review 51: 75.
  • Say, T. 1824. On the fresh water and land Tortoises of the United States. J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 4 (2): 203-219 - get paper here
  • SCOTT McROBERT & CAELIE McROBERT. 2021. TERRAPENE CAROLINA (Eastern Box Turtle). NESTING BEHAVIOR. Herpetological Review 52 (3): 636. - get paper here
  • Seibert, Susan and William R. Belzer. 2016. Terrapene carolina (Eastern Box Turtle) Winter mortality. Herpetological Review 47 (2): 288-289 - get paper here
  • Seidel, Michael E. & Carl H. Ernst 2017. A Systematic Review of the Turtle Family Emydidae. Vertebrate Zoology 67 (1): 1–122 - get paper here
  • Shah, R. V. 1960. The mechanisms of carapacial and plastral hinges in Chelonians. Breviora (130): 1-15 - get paper here
  • Sipple, William S. 2008. Note on Box Turtles (Terrapene c. carolina ) Aestivating Along a Marshy Stream Bank. Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 44 (4): 136 - get paper here
  • Smith, C.E. & Parker, M.W. 2017. Terrapene carolina triunguis (Three-toed Box Turtle) Entanglement. Herpetological Review 48 (3): 624. - get paper here
  • Smith, H. M.;Sanders, O. 1952. Terrapene carolina major in Arkansas. Herpetologica 8: 93 - get paper here
  • Smith, Hobart M.;Leonard, Arthur B. 1934. Distributional records of reptiles and amphibians in Oklahoma. American Midland Naturalist 15: 190-196 - get paper here
  • Sowerby, James de Carle and Edward Lear 1872. Tortoises, terrapins, and turtles: drawn from life. London, Paris, and Frankfort :H. Sotheran, J. Baer & co. - get paper here
  • Spinks, P.Q., Thomson, R.C., McCartney-Melstad, E., Bradley Shaffer, H. 2016. Phylogeny and temporal diversification of the New World pond turtles (Emydidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 103: 85-97 - get paper here
  • Spinks, Phillip Q. & H. Bradley Shaffer 2009. CONFLICTING MITOCHONDRIAL AND NUCLEAR PHYLOGENIES FOR THE WIDELY DISJUNCT EMYS (TESTUDINES: EMYDIDAE) SPECIES COMPLEX, AND WHAT THEY TELL US ABOUT BIOGEOGRAPHY AND HYBRIDIZATION. Systematic Biology 58(1): 1-20 - get paper here
  • Spinner, L. 2019. Eingedost! Lebensweise und Haltung nordamerikanischer Dosenschildkröten. Reptilia (Münster) 24 (137): 48-55 - get paper here
  • Stejneger, L.H., and T. Barbour 1917. A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. 4: i-iv, 1-125 - get paper here
  • Stephens, P.R. & Wiens, J.J. 2009. EVOLUTION OF SEXUAL SIZE DIMORPHISMS IN EMYDID TURTLES: ECOLOGICAL DIMORPHISM, RENSCH’S RULE, AND SYMPATRIC DIVERGENCE. Evolution 63-4: 910–925 - get paper here
  • Stewart, Aiden E., Jennifer Schoolcraft and Michael S. Finkler. 2015. Geographic Distribution: Terrapene carolina carolina (woodland box turtle). Herpetological Review 46 (4): 567 - get paper here
  • Stone, M.D. & D. Moll 2006. Diet-Dependent Differences in Digestive Efficiency in Two Sympatric Species of Box Turtles, Terrapene carolina and Terrapene ornata Journal of Herpetology 40 (3): 364-371. - get paper here
  • Storey, K.B., J.R. Layne, Jr., M.M. Cutwa, T.A. Churchill & J.M. Storey 1993. Freezing Survival and Metabolism of Box Turtles, Terrapene carolina Copeia 1993 (3): 628-634. - get paper here
  • Strass, P.K., K.J. Miles, B.S. McDonald, Jr. & I.L. Brisbin, Jr. 1982. An Assessment of Factors Associated with the Daytime Use of Resting Forms by Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) Journal of Herpetology 16 (3): 320-322. - get paper here
  • SUSEN, McKAYLA C.; ERIN P. CONDON, JENNIFER M. HOWZE & LORA L. SMITH. 2021. TERRAPENE CAROLINA (Eastern Box Turtle). REPRODUCTION. Herpetological Review 52 (2): 398–399. - get paper here
  • Taylor, W.E. 1895. The box tortoises of North America. Proc. US Natl. Mus. 17 (1019): 573-588 - get paper here
  • Tetzlaff, S. J. and N. G. Schiltz 2016. Terrapene carolina (Eastern Box Turtle) scavenging. Herpetological Review 47(3): 453-454. - get paper here
  • Tetzlaff, Sasha J.; Jinelle H. Sperry, Brett A. DeGregorio 2018. Attempted depredation of a juvenile Eastern Box Turtle, Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus, 1758), by Sandhill Cranes, Antigone canadensis (Linnaeus, 1758). Herpetology Notes 11: 589-591 - get paper here
  • Thomson, Robert C.; Andrew M. Shedlock, Scott V. Edwards and H. Bradley Shaffer 2008. Developing markers for multilocus phylogenetics in non-model organisms: A test case with turtles. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49 (2): 514-525 - get paper here
  • Thonis, Anna; Christopher Werni, Cosku Ozcelik, Zhen Ye Pan, Kristi Fung, Brittany Ford, Melissa Hunter & Lisa Prowant 2023. Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) Shell Damage and Health in an Urban Landscape. Chelonian Conservation and Biology Dec 2023 Vol. 22, No. 2: 165-174 - get paper here
  • Trauth, Stanley E. and Michael V. Plummer 2013. Comparative Histology, Histochemistry, and Ultrastructure of Rathke's Glands in Hatchlings of Two Species of North American Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina and Terrapene ornata). Chelonian Conservation and Biology Dec 2013, Vol. 12, No. 2: 268-274. - get paper here
  • TTWG; Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R., Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., and van Dijk, P.P. 2021. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (9th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Chelonian Research Monographs 8:1–472. doi:10.3854/crm.8.checklist.atlas.v9.2021. - get paper here
  • TTWG; Rhodin, A.G.J.; van Dijk, P.P.; Iverson, J.B. & Shaffer, H.B. [turtle taxonomy working group] 2010. Turtles of the World, 2010 Update: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v3.2010 - get paper here
  • Tucker, J.K. 1999. Reproductive output of Terrapene carolina, Chrysemys picta, and Sternotherus odoratus from west-central Illinois Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc., 35(3): 61-75. - get paper here
  • Tucker, J.K., R.S. Funk & G.L. Paukstis 1978. Reproductive Potential of the Gulf coast Box Turtle Terrapene carolina major Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc., 14(1): 23-28. - get paper here
  • Turner, I. E. P. & Folt, B. 2012. Geographic distribution: Terrapene carolina (eastern box turtle). Herpetological Review 43: 617 - get paper here
  • Valverde, J. 2011. Die Schildkröten Mexikos. Reptilia (Münster) 16 (91): 16-23 - get paper here
  • Vannatta, Jessica M. and Matthew Klukowski. 2015. Terrapene carolina carolina (eastern box turtle) hibernation site fidelity. Herpetological Review 46 (4): 622 - get paper here
  • Vannatta, Jessica M., Matthew Klukowski and Stephen Wright. 2016. Prevalence of ranavirus infection in the Eastern Box Turtle, Terrapene carolina carolina, in an isolated, suburban wetland habitat of Middle Tennessee. Herpetological Review 47 (1): 55-56 - get paper here
  • Verdon, E. & M.A. Donnelly 2005. Population Structure of Florida Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina bauri) at the Southernmost Limit of their Range Journal of Herpetology 39 (4): 572-577. - get paper here
  • Vieyra, Michelle L. 2011. Olfactory Receptor Genes in Terrestrial, Freshwater, and Sea Turtles: Evidence for a Reduction in the Number of Functional Genes in Aquatic Species. Chelonian Conservation and Biology Dec 2011, Vol. 10, No. 2: 181-187. - get paper here
  • WALKER, J. M., AND S. E. TRAUTH 2020. Terrapene carolina triunguis (Three-Toed Box Turtle). Aquatic Behavior. Herpetological Review 51: 115-116.
  • WALKER, JAMES M. & STANLEY E. TRAUTH. 2022. TERRAPENE CAROLINA TRIUNGUIS (Three toed Box Turtle). SUSTAINED AQUATIC BEHAVIOR. Herpetological Review 53 (2): 313–314.
  • Weisenbeck, D R & Graziano, M J; 2019. Geographic Distribution: Terrapene carolina carolina (Eastern Box Turtle) USA: Virginia: Greene Co. Herpetological Review 50 (2): 327 - get paper here
  • Wells, K. 1968. Battle Creek Cypress Swamp. Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 4 (4): 89-95 - get paper here
  • West, Jessica M. and Matthew Klukowski 2016. Demographic Characteristics of the Eastern Box Turtle, Terrapene carolina carolina, in a Relictual, Suburban, Wetland Habitat of Middle Tennessee, USA. Herp. Cons. Biol. 11 (3): - get paper here
  • White, J. W., Gunter, D. D. & Husak, M. S. 2012. Geographic distribution: Terrapene carolina triunguis (three-toed box turtle). Herpetological Review 43: 617 - get paper here
  • Williams, E.C., Jr. & W.S. Parker 1987. A Long-term Study of a Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina) Population at Allee Memorial Woods, Indiana, with Emphasis on Survivorship Herpetologica 43 (3): 328-335. - get paper here
  • Wilson, D.S. et al. 2003. Estimating age of turtles from growth rings: a critical evaluation of the technique. Herpetologica 59 (2): 178-194 - get paper here
  • WILSON, KIRA S.; MICHAEL HOLDEN & BREANNA L. ONDICH. 2021. TERRAPENE CAROLINA (Eastern Box Turtle). SCAVENGING. Herpetological Review 52 (1): 133–134. - get paper here
  • Wirth, M. & Philippen, H.D. 2009. Auf der Suche nach Gopher- und Dosenschildkröten. Draco 10 (37): 30-37 - get paper here
  • Wirth, Michael 2010. Terrapene carolina carolina (Linnaeus, 1758). Carolina-Dosenschildkröte. Reptilia (Münster) 15 (86): 47-50 - get paper here
  • Wirth, Michael 2012. Und das alles für die Schildkröten …. Terraria-Elaphe 2012 (2): 84-89 - get paper here
  • Wirth, Michael W 2013. Alle Jahre wieder – Ökologie der Überwinterung von Amphibien und Reptilien. Draco 14 (55): 6-25 - get paper here
  • Wylie, D. B., and C. I. Grünwald. 2017. First report of Terrapene mexicana (Testudines: Emydidae) from the state of Nuevo León, Mexico. Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(2): 486–487 - get paper here
  • Yahner, R.H. 1974. Weight Change, Survival Rate and Home Range Change in the Box Turtle, Terrapene carolina Copeia 1974 (2): 546-548. - get paper here
 
External links  
Is it interesting? Share with others:

As link to this species use URL address:

https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Terrapene&species=carolina

without field 'search_param'. Field 'search_param' is used for browsing search result.



Please submit feedback about this entry to the curator