Testudo graeca LINNAEUS, 1758

Find more photos by Google images search:

Higher Taxa	Testudinidae, Testudinoidea, Testudines (turtles)
Subspecies	Testudo graeca graeca LINNAEUS 1758 Testudo graeca armeniaca CHKHIKVADZE & BAKRADSE 1991 Testudo graeca buxtoni BOULENGER 1921 Testudo graeca cyrenaica PIEH & PERÄLÄ 2002 Testudo graeca ibera PALLAS 1814 Testudo graeca marokkensis PIEH & PERÄLÄ 2004 Testudo graeca nabeulensis HIGHFIELD 1990 Testudo graeca perses PERÄLÄ 2002 Testudo graeca soussensis PIEH 2000 Testudo graeca terrestris FORSKÅL 1775 Testudo graeca whitei BENNETT in WHITE 1836 Testudo graeca zarudnyi NIKOLSKY 1896
Common Names	E: Mediterranean Spur-thighed Tortoise G: Maurische Landschildkröte Russian: Средиземноморская черепаха
Synonym	Testudo graeca LINNAEUS 1758: 198 Testudo pusilla LINNAEUS 1758: 198 Testudo ibera PALLAS 1814 (fide KHALIKOV, pers. comm.) Testudo mauritanica DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 45 Testudo graeca — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 49 Testudo mauritanica — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 219 Testudo graeca — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 219 Testudo ibera — BOULENGER 1836 Testudo ibera — WERNER 1899: 376 Testudo graeca — ENGELMANN et al. 1993 Testudo graeca — SCHLEICH, KÄSTLE & KABISCH 1996: 148 Testudo graeca — LAPPARENT DE BROIN 2001 Testudo dagestanica CHIKHIKVADZE, MAZANAEVA & SHAMMAKOV 2011 Testudo graeca dagestanica — HERZ 2013 Testudo (Testudo) graeca — TTWG 2017: 151 Testudo graeca graeca LINNAEUS 1758 Testudo pusilla LINNAEUS 1758 Testudo mauritanica DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 45 Tistudo mauritonica — KERCADO 1835 (error typographicus) Testudo pusilla — BOETTGER 1879: 81 Testudo graeca graeca — MERTENS 1946 Testudo graeca graeca — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca graeca — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca graeca — HERZ 2013 Testudo (Testudo) graeca graeca — TTWG 2017: 152 Testudo (Testudo) graeca graeca — TTWG 2021 Testudo graeca antakyensis PERÄLÄ 1996 Testudo antakyensis PERÄLÄ 1996 Testudo (graeca) antakyensis — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca antakyensis — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca antakyensis — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca armeniaca CHKHIKVADZE & BAKRADSE 1991 Testudo graeca armeniaca CHKHIKVADZE 1989 (nom. nud.) Testudo graeca pallasi CHKHIKVADZE & BAKRADZE 2002 Testudo (graeca) pallasi — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo (graeca) armeniaca — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca armeniaca — AUER 2007 Testudo graeca armeniaca — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca pallasi — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca pallasi — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca passasi [sic] — HERZ 2013: 113 Testudo graeca armeniaca — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca armeniaca — TUNIYEV et al. 2014 Testudo graeca armeniaca — JAVANBAKHT et al. 2017 Testudo (Testudo) graeca armeniaca — TTWG 2017: 152 Testudo (Testudo) graeca armeniaca — TTWG 2021 Testudo graeca buxtoni BOULENGER 1921 Testudo buxtoni BOULENGER 1921 (valid fide PIEH et al. 2002) Testudo buxtoni — PERÄLÄ 2001 Testudo buxtoni — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca buxtoni — AUER & HERZ 2007 Testudo graeca buxtoni — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca buxtoni — JAVANBAKHT et al. 2017 Testudo (Testudo) graeca buxtoni — TTWG 2017: 152 Testudo (Testudo) graeca buxtoni — TTWG 2021 Testudo graeca cyrenaica PIEH & PERÄLÄ 2002 Testudo graeca cyrenaica — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca cyrenaica — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca cyrenaica — HERZ 2013 Testudo (Testudo) graeca cyrenaica — TTWG 2017: 153 Testudo (Testudo) graeca cyrenaica — TTWG 2021 Testudo graeca ibera PALLAS 1814 Testudo ibera PALLAS 1814: 18 Testudo georgicana GÜLDENSTEDT 1814 (nomen nudum) Testudo ecaudata PALLAS 1814 (nomen dubium fide PIEH et al. 2002) Testudo ibera var. bicaudalis VENZMER 1918 Testudo ibera racovitzai CALINESCU 1931 Testudo graeca ibera — MERTENS 1946 Testudo graeca nikolskii CHKHIKVADZE & TUNIEV 1986 Testudo graeca nikolskii — TUNIYEV 1990 Testudo flavominimaralis HIGHFIELD & MARTIN 1990 (fide KUYL et al. 2002) Testudo terrestris ibera — DAVID 1994 Testudo graeca ibera — STOEV 2000 Testudo graeca ibera — BISCHOFF 2002 Testudo graeca ibera — TÜRKOZAN et al. 2005 Testudo (graeca) ibera — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo (graeca) nikolskii — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca nikolskii — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca ibera — AUER 2007 Testudo graeca ibera — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca flavominimaralis — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca nikolskii — HERZ 2013 Testudo ibera racovitzai — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca ibera — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca ibera — JAVANBAKHT et al. 2017 Testudo (Testudo) graeca ibera — TTWG 2017: 153 Testudo (Testudo) graeca ibera — TTWG 2021 Testudo graeca marokkensis PIEH & PERÄLÄ 2004 Testudo graeca marokkensis — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca lamberti — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca lamberti — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca marokkensis — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca lamberti — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca marokkensis — HERZ 2013 Testudo (Testudo) graeca marokkensis — TTWG 2017: 153 Testudo (Testudo) graeca marokkensis — TTWG 2021 Testudo graeca nabeulensis (HIGHFIELD 1990) Furculachelys nabeulensis HIGHFIELD 1990: 32 Testudo nabeulensis — IVERSON Testudo nabeulensis — VETTER 2002 Testudo graeca nabeulensis — KUYL et al. 2002 Testudo nabeulensis — ROGNER 2006 Testudo graeca nabeulensis — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca nabeulensis — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca nabeulensis — HERZ 2013 Testudo (Testudo) graeca — TTWG 2017: 153 Testudo (Testudo) graeca nabeulensis — TTWG 2021 Testudo graeca perses PERÄLÄ 2002 Testudo perses PERÄLÄ 2002 Testudo perses — TÜRKOZAN et al. 2004 Testudo (graeca) perses — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca perses — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca perses — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca soussensis PIEH 2000 Testudo graeca soussensis — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca soussensis — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca soussensis — LEPTIEN 2009 Testudo graeca soussensis — HERZ 2013 Testudo (Testudo) graeca soussensis — TTWG 2017: 153 Testudo graeca terrestris FORSKÅL 1775 Testudo terrestris FORSKÅL 1775 (non T. t. FERMIN 1765) Testudo zolkafa FORSKÅL 1831 (nomen nudum) Testudo zohalfa FORSKÅL 1835 (nomen nudum) Testudo floweri BODENHEIMER 1935 Testudo graeca floweri — MERTENS 1946 Testudo graeca terrestris — WERMUTH 1958 Testudo graeca terrestris — ESTERBAUER 1985 Testudo graeca anamurensis WEISSINGER 1987 Testudo terrestris terrestris — DAVID 1994 Testudo terrestris — PERÄLÄ 2001 Testudo floweri — PERÄLÄ 2001 Testudo floweri — LAHONY et al. 2002 Testudo graeca terrestris — HRAOUI-BLOQUET et al. 2002 Testudo terrestris — PERÄLÄ & BOUR 2004 Testudo (graeca) terrestris — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo (graeca) anamurensis — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca floweri — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca floweri — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca anamurensis — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca terrestris — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca anamurensis — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca floweri — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca terrestris — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca terrestris — JAVANBAKHT et al. 2017 Testudo (Testudo) graeca terrestris — TTWG 2017: 154 Testudo (Testudo) graeca terrestris — TTWG 2021 Testudo graeca whitei BENNETT in WHITE 1836 Testudo whitei BENNETT in WHITE 1836: 361 Peltastes marginatus whitei — GRAY 1870: 12 Testudo marginata whitei Furculachelys whitei — HIGHFIELD 1990 Testudo graeca whitei — HERZ 2013 Testudo (Testudo) graeca whitei — TTWG 2021 Testudo graeca zarudnyi NIKOLSKY 1896 Testudo zarudnyi NIKOLSKY 1896 Testudo zarudnyi — SCHMIDT 1939 Testudo graeca zarudnyi — MERTENS 1946 Testudo terrestris zarudnyi — DAVID 1994 Testudo zarudnyi — PERÄLÄ 2001 Testudo (graeca) zarudnyi — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca zarudnyi — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca zarudnyi — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca zarudnyi — JAVANBAKHT et al. 2017 Testudo (Testudo) graeca zarudnyi — TTWG 2017: 154 Testudo graeca zarudnyi — ANANJEVA et al. 2020 Testudo (Testudo) graeca zarudnyi — TTWG 2021
Distribution	S Spain (introduced to Mallorca, Formentera) Italy incl. Sardinia and Sicily (introduced), France (introduced), N Greece (including Aegean islands, e.g. Limnos, Lesbos, Chios, Samos, Samothraki), Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Israel, Syria, Jordan, Iran, N Iraq Russia (eastwards to Transcaucasus; Dagestan), acording to the 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals: Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Egypt, France, E Republic of Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Macedonia, Moldova, Morocco, Romania, Russia, Spain, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan armeniaca: Trans-Caucasus, Iran; Type locality: Megri, southeastern Armenia. anamurensis: Cape Anamur and SW coast of Turkey. Type locality: Anamurum, southern Turkey. antakyensis: S Turkey; Type locality: Antakya, Turkey. buxtoni: N Iran; Type locality: Manjil, between Resht and Kaswin, Iran. cyrenaica: Libya (endemic); Type locality: Derna (= Darna or Darnah, 32°46'N 22°39'E), Cyrenaica, eastern Libya. flavominimaralis: Tunisia floweri: Negev (S arid Israel); type locality: “Negev”. ibera: S Serbia, Greece (Lesbos, Samos), Romania through Iran. Type locality: Tbilisi, Georgia (designated by Bour 1987). lamberti: NW Morocco; Type locality: 22 km north of Tétouan (35°34'N 5°22'W), Morocco. marokkensis: NW Morocco; Type locality: Tarmilete (33°23'N 6°04'W), Morocco. nabeulensis: Tunisia, NW Libya; Type locality: Nabeul, N Tunisia nikolskii: Republic of Georgia, Russia (western Caucasus); Type locality: Nebug Settlement, Tuapse County, Krasnodar District, Russia. pallasi: Russia (Daghestan); Type locality: vicinity of Gilyary-Dag Settlement, Dagestan. perses: SE Turkey, NE Iraq, SC Iran (Zagros mountains); Type locality: 3 miles W of Lālābād Village and 25 miles NW Kermānshāh (34°27'N 46°50'E), Kermānshāhān Province, west-central Iran. soussensis: Souss valley, Morocco; Type locality: Vincity of Agadir, 30°28'N, 9°55'W. terrestris: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, SE Turkey. Designated type locality (by neotype designation; Perälä & Bour 2004): Aleppo, Syria. zarudnyi: E Iran; Type locality: “Birdschan” [Birjand, South Khorasan Province, Iran, 32.87 N 59.22 E]. whitei: Algeria; Type locality: Algiers and its environs, Algeria (Highfield & Martin 1989) Type locality: "Africa," according to Linnaeus 1758:352; however, the caption of the holotype, Plate 204 of Edwards 1751 reads "Loc. Santa Cruz in West Barbary" (=old fort Santa Cruz near Oran, Algeria, according to Strauch (1862:67). Mertens and Müller (1928:22), designated it as "Santa Cruz, in der Westberberei, Nordafrika" (after KING & BURKE 1989).
Reproduction	T. graeca has been reported to have temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) (Pieau 1998).
Types	Iconotype: The life-sized colored figure in Plate 204 of Edwards 1751 according to Loveridge and Williams 1957:264-265. Holotype: BNHS fide Boulenger 1921, collected by Captain P.A. Buxton, BMNH 1947.3.5.16 (1920.8.6.1) Presented: Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Type of Testudo buxtoni, listed as Testudo graeca ibera) [buxtoni] Holotype: MTD (= MTKD) 31880, adult female, don. Detlef MENDAU VII. 1991 [cyrenaica] Lectotype: Iconotype (Pallas. Plate II. fig. 2- 3, originally unpublished but reproduced by Strauch 1862:69: Darevsky and Mertens 1973: 100: and Bour 1986: 113). Designation by Bour (1986: 113) [ibera] Holotype: SMNS 7602 [marokkensis] Neotype: MNHN 0.1937, designated by Schweiger & Gemel 2020. Previously, USNM 10980 was considered as (questionable) syntype [Testudo mauritanica] Holotype: unknown, "adult male", without further collection information [nabeulensis] Holotype: FMNH 130820 [perses] Paratype: SMNS 4647.1 [soussensis] Hololype: lost (apparently fide R. G. Webb. pers. comm., cited in Iverson 1992: 286) [terrestris] Hololype: ZISP 8738 (also given as ZIL) [zarudnyi]
Diagnosis
Comment	Distribution: Erroneously reported from Egypt (SCHLEICH et al. 1996), but does not occur there (BUSKIRK 1996). Testudo graeca has been reported from the Canary Islands but these specimens are most likely escaped pets that do not form viable populations (A. VILADO, pers. comm.). Hybridization: Testudo graeca ibera has been reported to produce viable hybrids with Testudo horsfieldii, T. hermanni boettgeri, and T. marginata (KABISCH 2001, STEMMLER-GYGER 1963, 1964, HEIMANN 1986, MERTENS 1968, Rogner 2013). Taxonomy: Testudo buxtoni has been considered as valid species by PIEH et al. (2002). Oğuz et al. (2010) found that “antakyensis”, “anamurensis”, and “terrestris”) are not Tortoise populations from northern and southern Turkey, which may correspond to the ibera and terrestris mt clades, also appear to be morphometrically distinct. Türkozan et al. (2010) found that “antakyensis”, “anamurensis”, and “terrestris” are not morphometrically distinct, but “armeniaca” and “perses” are. PERÄLÄ (2002) described T. perses as follows: “T. perses is distinguished from all other taxa in the genus Testudo sensu stricto (in the sense of Gmira, 1995; Lapparent de Broin, 2000a, 2000b, 2001; Hervet, 2001; Perälä, 2002 in this volume), by the following combination of characters subject to individual variation and pertaining to adults and both sexes unless stated otherwise: Robustly built tortoise with a xiphiplastral hinge (showing xiphiplastral kinesis), ventrally short diagonal length of first costal, short fifth vertebral, dorsally wide supracaudal, very broad fourth vertebral and, with extremely long and wide anal scutes; anal midline seam (interanal) typically much longer than seam separating femorals; transverse seam separating humerals and femorals typically double-S-shaped, with or without a laterally straight proximal section; broad first vertebral; first vertebral almost always widest and sharp-edged anteriorly and, frequently elongated anteriorly in its proximal parts (modestly infundibular); fifth vertebral ventrally narrow; midbody (at bridge) of medium width relative to length, and rounded in dorsal view; in lateral view, outline of carapace mostly ventrally indented at anterior portion of first vertebral and, posteriormost marginals covering part of supracaudal (lateral outline of semi-adults can resemble that of T. kleinmanni); outline of carapace relatively angulate in anterior view, with perpendicular outermost (upper) surfaces of bridge marginals (i.e. lateral surfaces above the marginal crest which is well developed), edged upper arch (at costals) and relatively flat top with a slightly elevated proximal portion (central vertebral area); in posterior view the lower outline has a bell-shaped curvature due to marginal flaring, especially in males; carapace highest at slightly less than 2/3 length; supracaudal slightly flared to the rear, wide and almost box-shaped (rectangular) in females except for a vertically thin to more pronounced, laterally oriented and spiky offshoots towards the marginals in ventral corners, and with a more or less 90-100 degree inner angle between dorsolateral and dorsal sides; supracaudal of males more massive, usually flared to the rear (only rarely inverted) and also with ventrolateral offshoots, the inner angle between dorsolateral and dorsal sides being in the region of 90-120° and, with proximally elongated, smoothly U-shaped ventral extension becoming less apparent and more V-shaped towards the southeast of the range; outermost lateral extensions of bridge marginals (the crest separating dorsal and ventral portions of the scutes) typically in a 12-17 degree angle with respect to horizontal level, the open angle oriented cranially; inguinals relatively large, usually longer than broad, typically not touching femorals, and associated with smaller accessory scales (which may touch femorals); anterior and posterior free marginals flared to strongly flared, and serrated, convexly-rimmed towards the outside, and typically without much reversion; anteriormost (1st) marginals elongated, often protruding infront of second marginals; posteriormost (11th) marginals often extending posteriorly beyond supracaudal; lateral flaring of posterior marginals begins at, and is inclusive of, 8th marginal; 8th marginal featuring an anteriorly skewed, ventrally oriented half-dome to pyramid-shaped bulge with a more or less rounded apex and outer surface; greatest width at 8th or (more often) 9th marginals; anterior and posterior free marginals may extend beyond bridge marginals in dorsolateral (and ventrolateral) view, more so in males than in females; anterior plastron lobe ventrally convex in lateral view; nuchal scute (cervical) long and relatively narrow, and widest posteriorly or at around 3/4 length; gulars clearly set off from anterior lobe, and relatively long both ventrally and dorsally; length of bridge very variable, and not typically relatively shorter in males than in females (as opposed to most Testudo s. s.); anterior feet relatively massive and thick, featuring relatively long, almost drop-shaped, triangularish to four-edged scales with longest lateral sides facing claws, closely packed against the surface, and with generally not much overlap between scales; fore-feet with five relatively straight claws, the innermost of which are shorter than the rest, posterior extremities with four claws; tail relatively long, longer in males than in females, and very slender towards the tip; tip of tail features mostly a conspicuously enlarged, medium-sized twin-scale (not claw); upper thigh region typically with (at least) one horny spur on each thigh; thigh-spurs very broad at base; outline of open eyes in life more round than oval; bony carapace rim proximally convex towards the anterior; triturating surfaces of maxilla featuring only one longitudinal, modestly elevated central ridge; parietal bones straight or just very slightly notched in lateral view; supraoccipital crest (parietal-supraoccipital complex) long. Basic coloration (in alcohol): Ground colour of carapace and plastron from pale greenish-yellow (USNM 154515; subadult), to light or very dark-brown colour with a reddish or orange tinge (typical), or even completely grey or black. Plastron is usually not much darker than carapace. The yellowish variety “Golden Greek” is T. g. terrestris FORSKÅL 1775. Markings: Small juveniles (post-hatchlings) with a transverse dark band located centrally on 1st vertebral; 2nd to 5th vertebrals with small, more or less round central blotches with thin lateral offshoots of dark pigment not connected with the blotch. In lateral view, 1st costal features a horizontal dark stripe located at 1/3 height and running parallel to horizontal level; in 2nd and 3rd costals this band is also at 1/3 height, but it runs in a slight angle so that the posterior end is located highest. 4th costal has a central blotch. 2nd to 4th costals feature additionally centrally located vertical stripes at the anteriormost seams. Plastral markings may be completely absent, or there are tiny black blotches on the lower central region of the abdominals. Anterior marginals may feature dark semi-triangular markings. Bridge marginals with dark bands along anterior vertical borders. Posterior marginals with anterior and dorsal bands connected dorsolaterally. Larger juveniles and semi-adults: The central blotch on 1st vertebral divides laterally into two sister flecks. Costals may retain vertical bands near the anteriormost side of areolae, horizontal bands fade away or develope into larger, irregular blotches. Separately from these, extremely thin centrally oriented stripes appear at anterior and lateral, and anterior and ventrolateral borders of vertebrals and costals. These may develope into dark bands. The supracaudal may feature triangular lateral markings. These may later fade away, especially in the dorsal border region. Markings on marginals become darker and more defined. The plastron is irregularly pigmented with dark grey to blackish elements, darkest regions being located posterolaterally. Gulars and anals may be lighter coloured than other scutes. In adults, regions on and adjacent to the areolae seem to feature most pigmentation, dark blue-grey to black blotches with irregular borders. Markings around scute edges diffuse into centrally oriented rays which may or may not be connected to the central flecks. Dark blotches may appear on posterior ventral corners of (especially) the bridge marginals, or around the marginal crest. Many adult specimens are completely dark: grey, intensively dark-brown or black, with hardly any markings visible. Basic coloration of head and leg scutes varies from greenish-grey and grey to (as typical) light or deepish-dark chocolate-brown. The ground colour on most parts of the head is either uniform or it may feature blackish regions especially in the snout area, and darker brown to black, or, occasionally found yellowish scales towards the temple. Completely black heads are a rarity. The jaw region features often a dark grey to blackish triangular pattern, or a "Schnautzendreieck" sensu Eiselt & Spitzenberger (1967). Leg scutes have mostly a dark-brown, dark-violet to blackish tip, also on the hind legs. The base of leg scutes may be pale brown, pale grey or yellowish. Claws are light or dark chocolate-brown to dark violet and dark grey. Skin in soft parts is pale greyish, light brown or reddish-brown coloured. Eyes in life are very dark brown.” Synonymy: IVERSON 1992 and SCHLEICH et al. 1996 don’t accept T. nabeulensis, which might be a subspecies or variant of Testudo graeca. Testudo dagestanica has been tentatively placed in the synonymy of T. graeca (PP van Dijk, pers. comm. 18 July 2012). Subspecies: after TTWG 2014. According to Kuyl et al. (2002) only 4 subspecies are recognized: T. g. graeca of North Africa; T. g. ibera of the Balkans, Greece, Turkey, Iran, and Russia; and T. g. terrestris of Libya, Israel, Egypt, and Syria. Little is known about the fourth subspecies, T. g. zarudnyi, which is restricted to the Central Iranian Plateau and Afghanistan. A morphological study suggested that the first three subspecies should be elevated to full species level (Gmira, 1993). More recent genetic analyses by Kuyl et al. (2005) indicated that only 2 subspecies are clearly distinguishable, T. g. graeca and T. g. ibera. The variety “Golden Greek” is actually Testudo graeca terrestris FORSKÅL 1775. Note that the paper by KUYL et al. (2002) was later criticized by PERÄLÄ (2004). Type species: Testudo graeca LINNAEUS 1758: 198 is the type species of the genus Testudo LINNAEUS 1758.
Etymology	T. graeca has been named after its distribution in Greece (”graeca”). However, it has been also suggested that the species has been named after its markings which resemble Greek letters (Y.L. Werner, pers. comm., 5 Jan 2015). T. g. lamberti has been named after Michael Lambert (1941-2004), British zoologist and herpetologist. See obituary in Hailey (2005).
References	Abdala, V.; Manzano, A.S. & Herrel, A. 2008. The distal forelimb musculature in aquatic and terrestrial turtles: phylogeny or environmental constraints? J. Anat. 213: 159–172 - get paper here Akman, B., Çakmak, M., & Yıldız, M.Z. 2020. On the Herpetofauna of the Central Anatolian Province of Kırıkkale (Turkey) (Amphibia; Reptilia). Acta Biologica Turcica, 33(2): 70-79 Akman, B.; M. Z. Yildiz et al. 2018. On the herpetofauna of the East Anatolian Province of Bitlis (Turkey) (Amphibia; Reptilia). Herpetozoa 31 (1/2): 69 - 82 - get paper here Akveran, Gönül Arslan; Zafer Ayaş 2019. The egg characteristics of natural spur-thighed tortoises (Testudo graeca) population in Cappadocia, Central Anatol. Herpetology Notes 12: 667-673 - get paper here Al-Quran, S. 2009. The Herpetofauna of the Southern Jordan. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 6 (4): 385-391 [this journal has a dubious record, see http://goo.gl/81SBPv] Alvarez, Y.; Mateo, J.A.; Andreu, A.C.; Diaz-Paniagua, C.; Diez, A.; Bautista, J.M. 2000. Mitochondrial DNA haplotyping of Testudo graeca on both continental sides of the Straits of Gibraltar. Journal of Heredity 91(1):39-41 - get paper here Amiranashvili, N.G. 2000. Differences in shell morphology of Testudo graeca and Testudo hermanni , based on material from Bulgaria. Amphibia-Reptilia 21 (1): 67-81 - get paper here Anadón, J. D.; Giménez, A.; Pérez, I.; Martínez, M.; Esteve, M. A. 2005. The role of relief in local abundance patterns of the spur-thighed tortoise Testudo graeca graeca in south-east Spain. The Herpetological Journal 15: 285-290 - get paper here Anadón, José Daniel; Giménez, Andrés; Graciá, Eva; Pérez, Irene; Ferrández, Marcos; Fahd, Soumia; El Mouden, Hassan; Kalboussi, Mohsen; Jdeidi, Tarek; Larbes, Said; Rouag, Rachid; Slimani, Tahar; Znari, Mohammed; Fritz, Uwe 2012. Distribution of Testudo graeca in the western Mediterranean according to climatic factors. Amphibia-Reptilia 33 (2): 285-296 - get paper here ANANJEVA, NATALIA B.; KONSTANTIN D. MILTO, ANDREI V. BARABANOV, EVGENY A. GOLYNSKY 2020. An annotated type catalogue of amphibians and reptiles collected by Nikolay A. Zarudny in Iran and Middle Asia. Zootaxa 4722 (2): 101–128 - get paper here Ananjeva, NB, Orlov NL; Khalikov RG; Darevsky IS; Ryabov IS & Barabanov AV 2006. The Reptiles of North Eurasia. Taxonomic Diversity, Distribution, Conservation Status [this comprises the territory of the former Soviet Union and Mongolia]. Pensoft Series Faunistica 47, 250 pp. ARAKELYAN, Marine AND JAMES F. PARHAM 2008. The Geographic Distribution of Turtles in Armenia and the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (Artsakh). Chelonian Conservation and Biology 7(1): 70–77 - get paper here Arakelyan, Marine S.; Felix D. Danielyan, Claudia Corti, Roberto Sindaco, and Alan E. Leviton 2011. The Herpetofauna of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. SSAR, Salt Lake City, 154 pp. [ISBN: 978-0-916984-84-7.] Arakelyan, Marine;Oğuz Türkozan,Nasim Hezaveh,James F. Parham 2018. Ecomorphology of tortoises (Testudo graeca complex) from the Araks River Valley. Russ. J. Herpetol. 25 (4): 245-252 - get paper here Arslan, D., Olivier, A., Ernoul, L., Béchet, A., & Çiçek, K. 2021. Demography, distribution, and threat assessment of the Spur-thighed Tortoise (Testudo graeca) in the Gediz Delta, Turkey (Reptilia: Testudines). Zoology in the Middle East, 1-12 - get paper here Auer, M. 2007. Status, Verbreitung und standortabhängige Merkmalsausbildung der Landschildkröten Aserbaidschans. Elaphe 15 (2): 14-16 Auer, M. & Herz, M. 2007. Die Landschildkröten des Iran - Persische Populationen der Maurischen Landschildkröte. Draco 8 (32): 50-55 - get paper here Auffenberg, Walter 1977. Display Behavior in Tortoises. American Zoologist 17: 241-250 - get paper here Avcı, Aziz; Nazan Üzüm, Emin Bozkurt, Kurtuluş Olgun 2018. The Herpetofauna of Poorly Known Tunceli Province (Turkey). Russ. J. Herpetol. 25 (1): 17-24 - get paper here AYAZ, D. & ÇIÇEK, K. 2011. Aestivation observed in Testudo graeca ibera PALLAS, 1814 in southern Anatolia (Turkey) [Short Note]. Herpetozoa 23 (3/4): 84-86 - get paper here Băncilă, Raluca Ioana; Rodica Plăiaşu, Marian Tudor, Ciprian Samoilă, and Dan Cogălniceanu 2012. Fluctuating Asymmetry in the Eurasian Spur-Thighed Tortoise, Testudo graeca ibera Linneaus, 1758 (Testudines: Testudinidae). Chelonian Conservation and Biology Dec 2012, Vol. 11, No. 2: 234-239. - get paper here Bar, Aviad and Guy Haimovitch 2012. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Israel. Pazbar LTD, 246 pp. - get paper here Bassu, L.; V. Nulchis, M. G. Satta, C. Fresi & C. Corti 2008. Atlas of amphibians and reptiles of Sardinia - state of the art and general considerations. Herpetologia Sardiniae (Claudia Corti, ed.), Edizioni Belvedere, 504 pp. Beshkov, V & Nanev, K 2006. The Amphibians and Reptiles in Bulgaria. Pensoft Series Faunistica 46, 120 pp. Beshkov, Vladimir A. 1997. Record-sized tortoises, Testudo graeca ibera and Testudo hermanni boettgeri, from Bulgaria. Chelonian Conserv. Biol. 2 (4): 593-596 BETTELHEIM M.P. and TASKAVAK E. 2006. The Tortoise and the Tulip - Testudo graeca ibera and Osman Hamdi's "The Tortoise Trainer". Bibliotheca Herpetologica 6 (2): - get paper here Bezaz, Y. I., Hadjab, R., Khammar, H., Redjaimia, L., & Saheb, M. 2021. First data on the diversity of the herpetofauna of the Oum El Bouaghi Region (Northeast of Algeria). Ecol. Env. & Cons. 27 (3): 983-989 Biaggini, Marta; Antonio Romano, Luciano Di Tizio, Claudia Corti 2018. Density and sex-ratio of wild populations of three Testudo species in Italy. Herpetozoa 30 (3/4): 203 - 208 - get paper here Bird, C. G. 1936. The distribution of reptiles and amphibians in Asiatic Turkey with notes on a collection from the Vilayets of Adana, Gaziantep and Malatya. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10) 18: 257-281. - get paper here Bischoff, W. 2002. Auf der Suche nach Darevskia valentini (BOETTGER 1892) in Georgien - Impressionen aus einem wenig bekannten Land. Elaphe 10 (3): 49-61 Bodenheimer, F. S. 1935. Animal life in Palestine. An introduction to the problems of animal ecology and zoogeography. L. Mayer, Jerusalem, 506 pp. Bonin, F., Devaux, B. & Dupré, A. 2006. Turtles of the World. English translation by P.C.H. Pritchard. Johns Hopkins University Press, 416 pp. Boulenger, G.A. 1921. Description of a New Land Tortoise from Northern Persia. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 27: 251 [1920] - get paper here Bour, R. 1987. L'identité des Tortues terrestres européennes: spécimens-types et localitiés-types. Revue Française d'Aquariologie, Herpétologie. Université de Nancy 13 (4) [1986]: 111-122. - get paper here Bour, Roger; Ohler, Annemarie. 2008. Chersine Merrem, 1820 and Chersina Gray, 1831: a nomenclatural survey. Zootaxa 1752:66-68 - get paper here Breuer, I. 2005. Haltung und Nachzucht von Testudo graeca soussensis PIEH 2000. Elaphe 13 (1): 16-18 Broggi, Mario F. 1978. Herpetologische Beobachtungen auf der Insel Lesbos (Griechenland). Salamandra 14 (4): 161-171 - get paper here Broggi, Mario F. 1997. Zur Verbreitung von Testudo graeca ibera Pallas, 1814 auf den Inseln der Nordostägäis und der Dodekanes (Griechenland) (Testudines: Testudinidae). Herpetozoa 10 (3/4): 153-155 - get paper here BUICĂ, Gabriel; Dan COGĂLNICEANU 2013. Using digital images in the study of fluctuating asymmetry in the spur-thighed tortoise Testudo graeca. Turk J Zool 37: 723-729 - get paper here Burggren, W.W. 1976. The Persistence of a Patent Ductus Asteriosus in an Adult Specimen of the Tortoise Testudo graeca Copeia 1976 (2): 405-407. - get paper here Buskirk,J.R. 1996. Of the absence of spur-thighed tortoises, Testudo graeca, from Egypt. Chelonian Conserv. Biol. 2: 118-120 Cherepanov G. O 2016. Variability of the scutes of the turtle shell: mechanisms of morphogenesis and the nature of anomalies. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 6th CONGRESS OF THE A. M. NIKOLSKY HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY, pp. 170-174 - get paper here Chkhikvadze V.M., Mazanaeva L.F., Shammakov S.M. 2011. A SHORT ACCOUNT OF A NEW SPECIES OF LAND TORTOISE IN DAGESTAN [in Russian]. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE «BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION PROBLEMS OF THE FAUNA OF THE CAUCASUS 336-340 Chkhikvadze, V. M. & Bakradze, M. A. 1991. On the systematic position of the recent land turtle from the Araxes valley. [in Russian] Trudy Tbilissk. gosudarstven. Univ., 305:<br />60 - get paper here Chkhikvadze, V. M. & Bakradze, M. A. 2002. Proceedings of the Institute of Zoology (Academy of Sciences of Georgia), Tbilisi, 21: 276-279 Cogălniceanu, Dan; Laurentiu Rozylowicz, Paul Székely, Ciprian Samoilă, Florina Stănescu, Marian Tudor, Diana Székely, Ruben Iosif 2013. Diversity and distribution of reptiles in Romania. ZooKeys 341 (2013): 49-76 - get paper here Cogălniceanu, Dan; Ciprian Samoilă, Marian Tudor, Oliver Tallowin 2010. An extremely large spur-thighed tortoise male (Testudo graeca) from Măcin Mountains National Park, Romania. Herpetology Notes 3: 045-048 Conradi, B. 2004. Zwillingsschlupf bei Maurischen Landschildkröten. Elaphe 12 (3): 39-40 Covaciu-Marcov S.-D.; Ghira, I.; Cicort-Lucaciu A.-St., Sas I.; Strugariu, A. & Bogdan H. V. 2006. Contributions to knowledge regarding the geographical distribution of the herpetofauna of Dobrudja, Romania. North-Western Journal of Zoology 2 (2): 88-125 - get paper here Crucitti, Pierangelo; Federica Emiliani 2012. Morphological variability of the Spur-thighed Tortoise, Testudo graeca, in the Nemrut Volcano (Eastern Turkey) (Testudines: Testudinidae). Zoology in the Middle East 56 - get paper here Cuvier, G. 1831. The Animal Kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization, by the Baron Cuvier, ... with additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith... and others. Vol. 9. Whittaker, Treacher and Co., London, 481 pp. - get paper here ÇAKMAK, Mücahit; Bahadır AKMAN and Mehmet Zülfü YILDIZ 2018. HERPETOFAUNA OF BARTIN PROVINCE (NORTHWEST BLACKSEA REGION, TURKEY). South Western Journal of Horticulture, Biology and Environment P-Issn: 2067- 9874, E-Issn: 2068-7958<br />Vol.8, No.2, 2017 pp.89-102 - get paper here Daubner, M. & Vinke, T. 2006. Schildkröten im Fokus - Sonderband Testudo - häufig gehaltene Arten. Dauvi-Verlag, Bergheim, 157 pp. Díaz-Paniagua, C., C. Keller & A.C. Andreu 1995. Annual variation of activity and daily distances moved in adult spur-thighed tortoises, Testudo graeca, in southwestern Spain Herpetologica 51 (2): 225-233. - get paper here Díaz-Paniagua, C.; Andreu, A. C.; Keller, C. 2006. Effects of temperature on hatching success in field incubating nests of spur-thighed tortoises, Testudo graeca. The Herpetological Journal 16: 249-257 - get paper here Disi, A.M.; Modry, D.; Necas, P. & Rifai, L. 2001. Amphibians and reptiles of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, 408 pp. Disi, Ahmad; Zuhair S. Amr, Nashat Hamidan 2014. Diversity, Threats, and Conservation of the Terrestrial and Freshwater Herpetofauna of Jordan. Russ. J. Herpetol. 21 (3): 221-233 - get paper here Duméril, A. M.C., G. BIBRON & A. DUMÉRIL 1854. Erpétologie générale ou Histoire Naturelle complète des Reptiles. Vol. 9. Paris, XX + 440 S. - get paper here Duméril, A.M.C., and G. Bibron. 1835. Erpétologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complète des Reptiles, Vol. 2. Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, iv + 680 p. - get paper here Dunaev E.A., Orlova V.F. 2017. Amphibians and reptiles of Russia. Atlas and determination. 2nd. ed. Moscow: Phyton XXI, 328 p Dzukic, G. 1995. Diverzitet vodozemaca (Amphibia) i gmizavaca (Reptilia) Jugoslavije, sa pregledom vrsta od me?unarodnog znacˇaja. U: Stevanovic´, V., Vasic´, V. (eds.): Biodiverzitet Jugoslavije sa pregledom vrsta od me?unarodnog znacˇaja. Biolosˇki fakultet i Ecolibri, Beograd: 447 – 469. Edwards, G. 1751. Natural History of Uncommon Birds and Some Other Rare Undescribed Animals, Quadrapedes, Reptiles, Fishes, Insects, Etc. Royal College of Physicians, London, Pt. IV. iv + 248 pp. [So many editions, volumes, parts, and translations appeared in various combinations between 1743 and 1751 that publication dates are hard to fix. Part IV appeared as the last part of Vol. II Elbahi A, Lawton C, Oubrou W, El Bekkay M, Hermas J, Dugon M 2022. Reptile biodiversity in Souss-Massa National Park: an internationally important hotspot in the Mediterranean region. Biodiversity Data Journal 10: e79088 - get paper here Engelmann, W.E. et al. 1993. Lurche und Kriechtiere Europas. Neumann Verlag (Radebeul, Germany), 440 pp. Escoriza, Daniel; Carmen Díaz-Paniagua, Ana Andreu, and Jihène Ben Hassine 2022. Testudo graeca Linnaeus 1758 (Western Subspecies Clade: Testudo g. graeca, T. g. cyrenaica, T. g. marokkensis, T. g. nabeulensis, T. g. whitei) – Mediterranean Spur-thighed Tortoise, Moorish Tortoise, Libyan Tortoise, Moroccan Tortoise, Tunisian Tort Chelonian Research Monographs 5(16):117.1–18 - get paper here Esterbauer, H. 1985. Zur Herpetofauna Südwestsyriens. Herpetofauna 7 (38): 23-34 - get paper here Farke, C. M. & C. Distler 2015. Ontogeny and abnormalities of the tortoise carapace: a computer tomography and dissection study. Salamandra 51 (3): 231-244 - get paper here Forcart, Lothar 1950. Amphibien und Reptilien von Iran. Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel 61: 141-156 Forskål,P. 1775. Descriptiones animalium, avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium; quae in itinere Orientali observavit Petrus Forskål. Mölleri, Hauniae, xxxiv + 164 pp. - get paper here Fritz, U.; Bischoff, W.; Martens, H. & Schmidtler, J.F. 1996. Variabilität syrischer Landschildkröten sowie zur Systematik und Zoogeographie im Nahen Osten und in Nordafrika. Herpetofauna 18 (104): 5-14 - get paper here Fritz, Uwe 2004. Record clutch size in Testudo graeca ibera Pallas, 1814 s. l. from Van Gölü region (Turkey). Herpetozoa 16 (3/4):165-166 - get paper here Fritz, Uwe, D. James Harris, Soumia Fahd, Rachid Rouag, Eva Graciá Martínez, Andrés Giménez Casalduero, Pavel Široký, Mohsen Kalboussi, Tarek B. Jdeidi and Anna K. Hundsdörfer. 2009. Mitochondrial phylogeography of Testudo graeca in the Western Mediterranean: Old complex divergence in North Africa and recent arrival in Europe. Amphibia- Reptilia 30 (1):63-80 - get paper here Fritz, Uwe; Hundsdörfer, Anna K.; Široký, Pavel; Auer, Markus; Kami, Hajigholi; Lehmann, Jan; Mazanaeva, Lyudmila F.; Türkozan, Oğuz; Wink, Michael 2007. Phenotypic plasticity leads to incongruence between morphology-based taxonomy and genetic differentiation in western Palaearctic tortoises (Testudo graeca complex; Testudines, Testudinidae). Amphibia-Reptilia 28 (1): 97-121 - get paper here Frynta,D. et al. 1997. Results of the Czech biological expedition to Iran. Part 1. Notes on the distribution of amphibians and reptiles. Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 61: 3-17 GEMEL, R. & HÖRWEG, CH. 2011. Zum Befall der Maurischen Landschildkröte Testudo graeca LINNAEUS, 1758 durch Zecken, und deren Bedeutung als Vektoren. Ein Literaturüberblick samt eigenen Beobachtungen. Herpetozoa 23 (3/4): 21-30 - get paper here Gemel, R.; G. Gassner & S. Schweiger 2019. Katalog der Typen der Herpetologischen Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien – 2018. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 121: 33–248 Glavaschi, Alexandra; Ellen S. Beaumont 2014. The escape behaviour of wild Greek tortoises Testudo graeca with an emphasis on geometrical shape. Basic and Applied Herpetology 28: 21-33 - get paper here Gmira, S. 1993. Une nouvelle espèce de tortue Testudininei (Testudo kenitrensis n. sp.) de l‘inter Amirien-Tensiftien de Kénitra (Maroc). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Se´rie II 316: 701–707. Graciá, Eva; Giménez, Andrés; Anadón, José Daniel; Botella, Francisco; García-Martínez, Santiago; Marín, María 2011. Genetic patterns of a range expansion: The spur-thighed tortoise Testudo graeca graeca in southeastern Spain. Amphibia-Reptilia 32 (1): 49-61 - get paper here Graciá, Eva; Mario Vargas-Ramírez, Massimo Delfino, José D. Anadón, Andrés Giménez, Soumia Fahd, Claudia Corti, Tarek B. Jdeidi, Uwe Fritz 2017. Expansion after expansion: dissecting the phylogeography of the widely distributed spur-thighed tortoise, Testudo graeca (Testudines: Testudinidae). Biol J Linn Soc 121 (3): 641-654. - get paper here Hailey, A. 2005. Michael R.K. Lambert. Applied Herpetology 2: 89-97 - get paper here Handal, Elias N.; Zuhair S. Amr, Mazin B. Qumsiyeh 2016. Some Records of Reptiles from the Palestinian Territories. Russ. J. Herpetol. 23 (4): 261-270 - get paper here Haxhiu, Idriz 1995. Results of studies on the chelonians of Albania. Chelonian Conserv. Biol. 1 (4): 324-326 Heimann, E. 1986. Bastardierung zwischen Testudo graeca ibera und Testudo marginata. Elaphe 3: 30-31 Heimann, E. 1990. Testudo graeca LINNAEUS, 1758. Sauria 12 Suppl.: 187–192 - get paper here Herz, M. 1999. Erfolgreiche Nachzucht von Testudo graeca anamurensis Weissinger, 1987. Sauria 21 (2): 3-8 - get paper here Herz, Mario 2013. Maurische Landschildkröten - Testudo graeca. Natur und Tier Verlag, Münster, 142 pp. - get paper here Hichami, Nawal; Mohammed Znari, Mohamed Naimi & Salwa Namous 2016. Clutch, egg and hatchling characteristics in the Souss Valley tortoises, Testudo graeca soussensis Pieh, 2001 (Testudines: Testudinidae) from an arid steppe-land of west-central Morocco. African Journal of Herpetology 65 (1): 21-32 \| DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2015.1136701 - get paper here Highfield, A C 1990. Preliminary report on the taxonomic, biotypic and conservation status of the land tortoises of Tunisia. Tortoise Survival Project, London. : 1-17 Highfield,A.C. 1990. Tortoises of North Africa: Taxonomy, nomenclature, phylogeny, and evolution with notes on field studies in Tunisia. J. Chelon. Herpetol. 1 (2): 1-56 - get paper here Highfield,A.C. & Martin,J. 1990. A revision of the Testudines of North Africa, Asia and Europe. J. Chelon. Herpetol. 1 (1): 1-12 HOCHNER-MOLE, P. M 2020. Testudo graeca (Mediterranean Spur-Thighed Tortoise). Carapace Anomaly. Herpetological Review 51: 584-585. Hofstra, Jelle. 2014. Zehn Jahre Beobachtungen der Maurischen Landschildkröte auf der griechischen Insel Lesbos. Schildkröten im Fokus 11 (4): 3-14 Hraoui-Bloquet, S.; Sadek, R.A.; Sindaco, R. & Venchi, A. 2002. The herpetofauna of Lebanon: new data on distribution. Zoology in the Middle East 27: 35-46 - get paper here Hughes, B. 1986. Longevity Records of African Captive Amphibians and Reptiles: Part 1: Introduction and Species List 1 - Amphibians and Chelonians. J. Herp. Assoc. Africa (32): 1-5 - get paper here Iftime, Alexandru; Oana Iftime 2012. Long term observations on the alimentation of wild Eastern Greek Tortoises Testudo graeca ibera (Reptilia: Testudines: Testudinidae) in Dobrogea, Romania. Acta Herpetologica 7 (1): 105-110 - get paper here Inozemtsev, Alexander A. 1997. Ecological distribution and population dynamics of the Mediterranean tortoise, Testudo graeca nikolskii, in xerophytic forests of the Western Caucasus, Southern Russia. Chelonian Conserv. Biol. 2 (4): 567-572 Iverson, J.B. 1992. A revised Checklist with Distribution Maps of the Turtles of the World. Richmond, Indiana, privately published, 363 pp. Javanbakht, Hossein; Flora Ihlow, Daniel Jablonski, Pavel Široký, Uwe Fritz, Dennis Rödder, Mozafar Sharifi, Peter Mikulíček 2017. Genetic diversity and Quaternary range dynamics in Iranian and Transcaucasian tortoises. Biol J Linn Soc 121 (3): 627-640 - get paper here Kabisch, K. 1989. Carapaxanomalien bei vier Juntieren von Testudo graeca ibera PALLAS 1814. Sauria 11 (1): 23-25 - get paper here Kabisch, K. 1990. Eineiige Zwillinge bei Testudo graeca ibera PALLAS 1814 (Testudines: Testudinidae). Sauria 12 (2): 15-16 - get paper here Kabisch, K. 2001. Bastardierung von Testudo horsfieldii GRAY 1844 und Testudo graeca ibera PALLAS 1814. Sauria 23 (2): 7-11 - get paper here Kabisch, K. & Belter, H. 1968. Das Verzehren von Amphibien und Reptilien durch Vögel. Zoologische Abhandlungen aus dem Staatlichen Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden 29: 191-227 Kabisch, K. & Engelhard, H. 1964. Beobachtungen an Reptilien in der Umgebung von Varna-Goldsand. Aquarien Terrarien 11 (6): 194-197 Kabisch, Klaus 2010. Kulturgeschichtliches zur Schildkröte. Der „Schildkrötentrainer“ – Wandteppich nach dem Ölgemälde von Osman Hamdi Bey. Sekretär 10 (2): - get paper here Kabisch, Klaus 2011. Kulturgeschichtliches zur Schildkröte. Die Schildkröte im Equipment von Einbrechern im arabisch-islamischen Mittelalter Sekretär 11 (2): - get paper here KADDOUR, KHALID BEN; EL HASSAN EL MOUDEN, TAHAR SLIMANI, XAVIER BONNET, AND FREDERIC LAGARDE 2008. Sexual Dimorphism in the Greek Tortoise: A Test of the Body Shape Hypothesis. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 7(1): 21–27 - get paper here Kantz, Helmut 2013. Golden Greek - was ist das? Terraria-Elaphe 2013 (5): 69-72 - get paper here Kasapidis, Panagiotis;Provatidou, Sofia;Maragou, Panagiota;Valakos, Efstratios D. 1996. Neue Daten über die Herpetofauna von Lesbos (ägäische Inseln, Griechenland) und einige biogeographische Bemerkungen über die Inseln des nordöstlichen ägäischen Archipels. Salamandra 32 (3): 171-180 - get paper here Kasparek, M. 1990. Zur Herpetofauna des Beckens von Köycegiz, Türkei (Dalyan-Region). Salamandra 26 (2-3): 155-164 - get paper here Keller, C., C. Díaz-Paniagua & A.C. Andreu 1998. Survival Rates and Causes of Mortality of Testudo graeca Hatchlings in Southwestern Spain Journal of Herpetology 32 (2): 238-243. - get paper here Köhler, H.W. 2004. Maurische Landschildkröten (Testudo graeca) an der türkischen Riviera. Reptilia (Münster) 9 (45): 64-71 - get paper here Kukushkin, Oleg; Tavakkul Iskenderov, Saxib Axmedov, Sabina Bunyatova and Oleksandr Zinenko. 2012. Additions to the distribution of Vipera eriwanensis (Serpentes: Viperidae) in Transcaucasia, with comments on the identity of vipers in northeastern Azerbaijan. Herpetology Notes 6: 423-427 Kurnaz, M., & Eroğlu, A. İ. 2021. Habitat preferences of Testudo graeca, Linnaeus 1758 (Squamata; Testudinidae) with a new locality record from eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. Scientific Reports in Life Sciences, 2(2), 30-38 - get paper here Kuzmin, S.L. 2002. The turtles of Russia and other Ex-soviet Republics. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, 159 pp. Kwet, A. 2010. Reptilien und Amphibien Europas. Kosmos-Verlag, Stuttgart, 252 pp. Kwet, Axel & Benny Trapp 2014. Liste der Reptilien Europas. Draco 15 (60): 72-79 - get paper here Lahony, S. R.; Khleifat, K.; Al-Tarawneh, K. A.; Abboud, M. M.; Al-Oran, R.M.; Al-Tarawneh, A. A.; Homady, M. H. 2002. Variations in five species of Jordanian reptiles with new record on the land tortoises Testudo floweri (Testudinidae: Chelonia). Pakistan Journal of Zoology 34 (1):43-50. Lambert, M.R.K. 1969. Tortoise drain in Morocco. Oryx (10):161-166 - get paper here Lambert, M.R.K. 1983. Some factors influencing the Moroccan distribution of the western Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise, Testudo graeca graeca L., and those precluding its survival in NW Europe. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. London. 79: 149-179. - get paper here Lapparent de Broin, F. de 2001. The European turtle fauna from the Triassic to the present. Dumerilia 4: 155–216. Leptien, R. 2009. Auf Exkursion in Marokkos Süden. Reptilia (Münster) 14 (75): 32-37 - get paper here Leviton,A.E.; Anderson,S.C.; Adler, K.; Minton,S.A. 1992. Handbook to Middle East Amphibians and Reptiles. SSAR, Oxford, Ohio (Contr. to Herpetol. No. 8), 1-252 Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiæ. 10th Edition: 824 pp. - get paper here Lourenço, João M.; Julien Claude, Nicolas Galtier, Ylenia Chiari 2011. Dating cryptodiran nodes: Origin and diversification of the turtle superfamily Testudinoidea. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62 (1): - get paper here Loveridge, Arthur & Williams, Ernest E. 1957. Revision of the African Tortoises and Turtles of the Suborder Cryptodira. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 115 (6): 163-557 - get paper here Luján, Àngel H.; Massimo Delfino, Josep M. Robles, andDavid M. Alba 2016. The Miocene tortoise Testudo catalaunica Bataller, 1926, and a revised phylogeny of extinct species of genus Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12414 - get paper here Makridou, Konstantina; Charalambos Thoma, Dimitrios Bakaloudis, Christos Vlachos 2019. Sexual dimorphism of Testudo tortoises from an unstudied population in northeast Greece. Herpetology Notes 12: 229-233 - get paper here Martínez del Mármol, Gabriel; D. James Harris, Philippe Geniez, Philip de Pous, and Daniele Salvi 2019. Amphibians and Reptiles of Morocco. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 478 pp - get paper here Mascort, Ramon. 2015. Bemerkungen zu Taxonomie, Verbreitung, Status, Verbreitung, Habitat, geografischer Variabilität, Biologie, Lebenweise und Schutz von Testudo graeca ibera Pallas, 1814 in Südosteuropa. Radiata 24 (3): 4-34 MAYER, R. 1988. Aktives Verhalten einer weiblichen Landschildkröte (Testudo graeca, LINNAEUS, 1758) bei der Paarung. Sauria 10 (2): 19-19 - get paper here Mazanaeva L. F., Gichihanova U. A. 2018. On the Reduction of the Area and Abundance of the Greek Tortoise Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758 (Testudinidae, Reptilia) on the Primorsky Lowland of Dagestan and Problems of its Conservation. Current Studies in Herpetology 18 (3–4): 135 - get paper here MAZANAEVA, L. F., AND U. A. GICHIKHANOVA 2020. Testudo graeca (Mediterranean Spur-Thighed Tortoise). Embryological Twinning. Herpetological Review 51: 585. Meiri, Shai; Amos Belmaker, Daniel Berkowic, Kesem Kazes, Erez Maza, Guy Bar-Oz and Roi Dor 2019. A checklist of Israeli land vertebrates. Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution - get paper here Mertens, R., and L. Müller. 1928. Liste der Amphibien und Reptilian Europas. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft. Frankfurt am Main. 41: 1-62. Mertens,R. 1968. Über Reptilienbastarde IV. Senckenbergiana biologica 49 (1): 1-12 Mienis, H. K. 1979. Predation on Testudo graeca by the Little owl in Israel (Reptilia: Testudines: Testudinidae). Salamandra 15 (2): 107-108 - get paper here Modrý, P., Rifai, L., Abu Baker, M. & Amr, Z. 2004. Amphibians and reptiles of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Denisia 14 (Neue Serie 2): 407-420 - get paper here Moravec, J. & I. Orszagh 1998. Testudo graeca terrestris als Wirt von Leptoconops irritans (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Salamandra 34 (2): 181-182 - get paper here MOUDEN, EL HASSAN EL; EL MUSTAPHA LAGHZAOUI, OMAR AMAHMID & ABDELAZIZ ABBAD. 2021. Prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites in the vulnerable spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca) from the central-western of Morocco. Basic and Applied Herpetology. - get paper here Müller, Johannes 1995. Fund von Testudo graeca ibera auf der Insel Samos (Ostägäis, Griechenland). Salamandra 31 (4): 243-244 - get paper here NAUMOV, BORISLAV; NIKOLAY TZANKOV, KRASIMIR DONCHEV, BOYAN PETROV, ANDREI STOJANOV, GEORGI POPGEORGIEV, IVELIN MOLLOV, VLADIMIR BESHKOV 2016. The Herpetofauna (Amphibia and Reptilia) of Vrachanska Planina Mountains - Species Composition, Distribution and Conservation. In: Bechev, D. & Georgiev, D. (Eds.), Faunistic diversity of Vrachanski Balkan Nature Park. ZooNotes, Supplement 3, Plovdiv University Press, Plovdiv - get paper here Nekrasova, O., Tytar, V., Pupins, M., Čeirāns, A., & Skute, A. 2021. GIS Modelling of the Distribution of Terrestrial Tortoise Species: Testudo graeca and Testudo hermanni (Testudines, Testudinidae) of Eastern Europe in the Context of Climate Change. Zoodiversity, 55 (5) Nijman, Vincent and Daniel Bergin 2017. Trade in spur-thighed tortoises Testudo graeca in Morocco: volumes, value and variation between markets. Amphibia-Reptilia 38 (3): 275-287, DOI: 10.1163/15685381-00003109 - get paper here Nikolsky, A. M. 1896. Diagnoses reptilium et amphibiorum novorum in Persia orientali a N. Zarudny collectorum. Annuaire Musée Zoologique de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg, 1:369-372. - get paper here Nikolsky, A. M. 1897. Les reptiles, amphibiens et poissons recueillis (part.) Mr. N. Zaroudny dans la Perse orientale [in Russian]. Annuaire Musée Zoologique de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg 2: 306-348 - get paper here Nöllert, A.; Nöllert, C. & Ritter, A. 1986. Einige Beobachtungen zur Herpetofauna der bulgarischen Schwarzmeerküste und Südwestbulgariens (Teil 2 - Die Reptilien). Herpetofauna 8 (44): 30-34 - get paper here Parham, James F.; Macey, J. Robert; Papenfuss, Theodore J.; Feldman, Chris R.; Turkozan, Oguz; Polymeni, Rosa; Boore, Jeffrey 2006. The phylogeny of Mediterranean tortoises and their close relatives based on complete mitochondrial genome sequences from museum specimens. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38(1):50-64 [2005] - get paper here Parham, James F.; Oguz Türkozan; Bryan L. Stuart; Marine Arakelyan; Soheila Shafei; J. Robert Macey; Yehudah L. Werner and Theodore J. Papenfuss 2006. Genetic Evidence for Premature Taxonomic Inflation in Middle Eastern Tortoises. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 57 (3): 955-964 - get paper here Peräla, J. 2002. Morphological variation among Middle Eastern Testudo graeca L., 1758 (sensu lato) with a focus on taxonomy. Chelonii 3:78-108 [ed. by B. Fertard and B. Culorier. Actes du Congrès International sur le genre Testudo - 7 au 10 Mars 2001,vol. 3: 78-108 pp. Editions SOPTOM, Gonfaron, France] Peräla, J. & Bour, R. 2004. Neotype of Testudo terrestris Forsskal, 1775 (Testudines, Testudinidae). Asiatic Herpetological Research 10: 114-119 - get paper here Perälä, Jarmo 2001. Testudo buxtoni Boulenger, 1920 - holotyyppi. [The holotype of Testudo buxtoni Boulenger, 1920]. Herpetomania 10 (3-4):12-15. Perälä, Jarmo 2004. TORTOISE SYSTEMATICS: A CRITIQUE OF A RECENT PAPER BY VAN DER KUYL ET AL. (2002). The Herpetological Journal 14: 51-53 - get paper here Perälä,J. 1996. [Turtles of southern Turkey. Morphological and ecological differences (Testudo ibera Pallas 1841 & Testudo ibera anamurensis Weissinger 1987) and the description of a new turtle species] (in Finnish). Herpetokongressi I, Helsinki, Appendix: 14-26 Petrov B. P., N. Tzankov, H. Strijbosch, G. Popgeorgiev, V. Beshkov 2006. The herpetofauna (Amphibia and Reptilia) of the Western Rhodopes mountain (Bulgaria and Greece). In: Beron P. (ed.). Biodiversity of Bulgaria. 3. Biodiversity of Western Rhodopes (Bulgaria and Greece) I. Pensoft & Nat. Mus. Natur. Hist., Sofia, pp. 863-912 Pieau C. 1998. Temperature-dependent sex determination in Emys orbicularis: laboratory and field studies. Mertensiella 10: 199-207 Pieh, A. 2000. Arten und Unterarten der Landschildkröten des Mittelmeergebietes. Draco 1 (2): 4-17 - get paper here Pieh, A. 2000. Testudo graeca soussensis, eine neue Unterart der Maurischen Landschildkröte aus dem Sousstal (Südwest-Marokko). Salamandra 36 (4): 209-222 - get paper here Pieh, A. & Perälä, J. 2004. Variabilität der Maurischen Landschildkröten (Testudo graeca LINNAEUS, 1758- Komplex) im zentralen and und nordwestlichen Marokko mit Beschreibung zweier neuer taxa. Herpetozoa 17 (1-2): 19-47 - get paper here Pieh, A. & Philippen, H.D. 2007. Mediterrane Landschildkröten. Draco 8 (32): 4-34 - get paper here Pieh, A., U. Fritz & R. Berglas 2002. New data on morphology, distribution and nomenclature of Testudo graeca armeniaca Chkhikvadze & Bakradze, 1991. Faun.Abh. Mus. Tierkde. Dresden 22 (21): 329-345 - get paper here Pieh, A.; Taskavak, E.; Reimann, M. 2002. Remarks on the variability of the spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca) in Turkey. Chelonii 3:67-71. Pieh, Alexander and Jarmo Perälä 2001. Eine ungewöhnliche Landschildkröte des Testudo graeca - Komplexes aus Krasnowodsk (Turkmenien) (Testudines: Testudinidae). Herpetozoa 14 (1/2):65-73. - get paper here Pieh, Alexander and Jarmo Perälä 2002. Addenda/Corrigenda: Eine ungewöhnliche Landschildkröte des Testudo graeca - Komplexes aus Krasnowodsk (Turkmenien). Herpetozoa 14(1/2):65-73. Herpetozoa 14 (3/4):173. - get paper here Pieh, Alexander and Jarmo Perälä 2002. Variabilität von Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758 im östlichen Nordafrika mit Beschreibung eines neuen Taxons von Cyrenaika (Nordostibyen) [Variation among Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758 in eastern North Africa, with a description of a new taxon from Cyr Herpetozoa 15 (1/2):3-28 - get paper here Pinya, Samuel and Miguel A. Carretero. 2011. The Balearic herpetofauna: a species update and review on the evidence. Acta Herpetologica 6 (1): 59-80 - get paper here Plaitano, Annalisa & Marco A. L. Zuffi 2007. Similarities and differences in adult tortoises: a morphological approach and its implication for reproduction and mobility between species. Acta Herpetologica 2 (2): 79-86 Pola, L., Hejduk, V., Winkelhöfer, T., Zíka, A., Baker, M. A. A., & Amr, Z. S. 2020. Recent Observations on Amphibians and Reptiles in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Jordan Journal of Natural History, 7: 11-29 - get paper here RALEV, A. & POPOVIC, M. & RUŽIC, M. & SHURULINKOV, P. & DASKALOVA, G. & SPASOV, L. & CRNOBRNJA-ISAILOVIC, J. 2012. A new record of Testudo graeca ibera PALLAS, 1814, in southern Serbia [Short Note]. Herpetozoa 25 (3/4): 151-153 - get paper here RASTEGAR-POUYANI, NASRULLAH; HAJI GHOLI KAMI, MEHDI RAJABZADEH, SOHEILA SHAFIEI AND STEVEN CLEMENT ANDERSON 2008. Annotated Checklist of Amphibians and Reptiles of Iran. Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics 4 (1): 7-30 Rezazadeh, Elham; Ramin Mohammadi Alucheh and Haji Gholi Kami. 2014. A preliminary study on the Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758 from northwestern Iran. Herpetology Notes 7: 127-133 - get paper here Rodríguez-Caro, Roberto; Eva Graciá, Renata Morais Dos Santos, José D. Anadón, Andrés Gimenez 2015. One scute ring per year in Testudo graeca? A novel method to identify ring deposition patterns in tortoises. Acta Herpetologica 10 (2): 77-84 - get paper here Rogner, M. 2006. Die tunesische Landschildkröte. Terraria 1 (1): 54-58 Rogner, M. 2013. Eine verhängnisvolle Affäre. Reptilia (Münster) 18 (102): 44-47 - get paper here Sacchi, Roberto; Daniele Pellitteri-Rosa, Manuela Marchesi, Paolo Galeotti, and Mauro Fasola 2013. A Comparison among Sexual Signals in Courtship of European Tortoises. Journal of Herpetology Jun 2013, Vol. 47, No. 2: 215-221. - get paper here Salvi, Daniele; Pierluigi Bombi 2010. Reptiles of Sardinia: updating the knowledge on their distribution. Acta Herpetologica 5 (2): 161-178 - get paper here Schleich, H.H. 1987. Contributions to the herpetology of Kouf National Park (NE-Libya) and adjacent areas. Spixiana 10 (1): 37-80. - get paper here Schleich, H.H., Kästle,W., Kabisch, K. 1996. Amphibians and Reptiles of North Africa. Koeltz, Koenigstein, 627 pp. Schlüter, A. & Hallermann, J. 1997. The Type Specimens in the Herpetological Collection of the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde in Stuttgart. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturk. Ser. A (553): 1-15 - get paper here Schlüter, U. 2005. Die Herpetofauna des Comorova-Waldes in Rumänien. Elaphe 13 (1): 57-62 Schlüter, U. 2005. Die Herpetofauna der bulgarischen Schwarzmeerküste - Teil 1: Naturraum und Schildkröten. Elaphe 13 (3): 48-56 Schlüter, U. 2009. Sousstal-Landschildkröte (Testudo graeca soussensis) im natürlichen Habitat. Reptilia (Münster) 14 (78): 74-78 - get paper here Schmidt,K.P. 1939. Reptiles and amphibians from Southwestern Asia. Publ. Field Mus. nat. Hist., zool. Ser., 24: 49-92 - get paper here Schneider,B. 1986. Zur Herpetofauna der Insel Limnos (Hellespontische Inseln, Nordägäis, Griechenland). Salamandra 22 (4): 276-280 - get paper here Schweiger, Mario; Richard Gemel 2020. Where do you come from, stranger? A scientific- historical digression with discussion on nomenclature and taxonomy of Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758. Herpetozoa 33: 31–38 - get paper here Siebenrock, F. 1913. Schildkröten aus Syrien und Mesopotamien. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 27: 171-225 - get paper here Sindaco, R. & Jeremcenko, V.K. 2008. The reptiles of the Western Palearctic. Edizioni Belvedere, Latina (Italy), 579 pp. - get paper here Sindaco, Roberto; Alberto Venchi, Giuseppe M. Carpaneto, Marco A. Bologna 2000. The Reptiles of Anatolia: a Checklist and Zoogeographical analysis. Biogeographia, 21-2000: 441-554. - get paper here Sos, T. 2008. Review of recent taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in European Amphibia and Reptilia related to Romanian herpetofauna. Herpetologica Romanica 2: 61-91 Stemmler-Gyger,O. 1963. Ein Beitrag zur Brutbiologie der mediterranen Landschildkröten. Aquar. Terr. Z. (Stuttgart) 16: 180-183 Stemmler-Gyger,O. 1964. Zur Brutbiologie der mediterranen Landschildkröten (II(). Aquaria (Neuhausen) 11: 164-169 - get paper here Stemmler-Gyger,O. 1964. Zur Brutbiologie der mediterranen Landschildkröten (II). Aqua Terra (Biberist) 1 (9): 65-68 - get paper here Stoev, Pavel 2000. On the distribution, biology and ecology of amphibians and reptiles in the Derventski Heights and the Sakar Mountain, South-East Bulgaria Hist. Nat. Bulgarica 12: 59–69 - get paper here Strauch, A. 1862. Chelonogische Studien, mit besonderer Bezeichung auf die Schildkrötensammlung der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu St. Petersburg. Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg, Série 7(5): 1-196 Szczerbak, N.N. 2003. Guide to the Reptiles of the Eastern Palearctic. Krieger, Malabar, FL, 260 pp. - get paper here Taskavak, E.; Turkozan, O.; Kumlutas, Y. 2002. Some investigations on the taxonomic status of Testudo graeca from the Aegean and Mediterranean Regions of Turkey. Proceedings of the International Congress on Testudo Genus. Chelonii 3:72-77 Thieme, U. 1986. Die Amphibien - und Reptilienfauna der südost - bulgarischen Küste, Teil 3: Reptilien 2. Sauria 8 (1): 7-9 - get paper here TIAR, G., ROUAG, R., FERRAH, C., ZIANE, N., BENYACOUB, S. & LUISELLI, L. 2009. Prevalence of Hemolivia mauritanica (Apicomplexa: Adeleina) in the blood of an Algerian population of the spur-thighed tortoise, Testudo graeca. African Herp News (50): 14-21 - get paper here Tok, C.V. 1999. The Taxonomy and Ecology of Mauremys caspica rivulata Valenciennes, 1833 (Testudinata: Bataguridae) and Testudo graeca ibera Pallas, 1811 (Testudinata: Testudinidae) on Resadiye (Datça) Peninsula. Tr. J. Zool. 23 (1): 17-21 Tomovic, L., R. Ajtiv and S. Antic 2004. Records of Testudo graeca ibera Pallas, 1814 in Serbia and Montenegro. Herpetozoa 17 (3/4):189-191 - get paper here Trapp, B. 2007. Reptilien und Amphibien des griechischen Festlandes. Natur und Tier Verlag (Münster), 300 pp. - get paper here Trommer, W. 2009. Die Iberische Landschildkröte Testudo graeca ibera. Natur und Tier Verlag, Münster, 64 pp. - get paper here Trommer, Wenke. 2013. Haltung der Maurischen Landschildkröte, Testudo graeca ibera. Schildkröten im Fokus 10 (1): 3-18 Trutnau, L. 1975. Europaische Amphibien und Reptilien. Belser Verlag, Stuttgart 212 pp. TTWG; Anders G.J. Rhodin, John B. iverson, Roger Bour, Uwe Fritz, Arthur GeoRges, H. BRadley Shaffer, and Peter Paul van Dijk 2017. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Pritchard, P.C.H., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Ed Chelonian Research Monographs 7:1–292. doi: 10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017 - get paper here Tuniyev B.S., Tuniyev S.B., Avcı A., Ilgaz Ç. 2014. Herpetological studies in Eastern and North-Eastern Turkey. Current Studies in Herpetology 14 (1/2): 44–53. Резюме - get paper here Tuniyev, B. S. 1995. On the Mediterranean influence on the formation of herpetofauna of Caucasian Isthmus and its main xerophylous refugia. Russ. J. Herpetol. 2 (2): 95-119 - get paper here Tuniyev, B.S. 1990. On the Independence of the Colchis Center of Amphibian and Reptile Speciation. Asiatic Herpetological Research 3: 67-84 - get paper here Türkozan, O. and K. Olgun. 2005. A Preliminary Survey of Testudo graeca Linnaeus 1758 Specimens from Central Anatolia, Turkey. Turk J Zool 29: 255-262 Türkozan, O.; Kumlutas, Y.; Arikan, H.; Ilgaz, C.; Avci, A. 2003. Morphological and serological comparison of Mediterranean spur-thighed Tortoises, Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758 from the Aegean region and south-eastern Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East 29:41-50 - get paper here Turkozan, O.; Kumlutas, Y.; Durmus, H. 2004. Comparative morphology of three populations of Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758 from the Western Taurus Mountains, Turkey. Russ. J. Herpetol. 11(1):12-20. - get paper here Türkozan, O; Olgun, K. Taskavak, E & Kiremit, F. 2004. On the occurence of the Zagros Mountain tortoise, Testudo perses PERÄLÄ 2002 in Turkey. Russ. J. Herpetol. 11 (2): 150-152 - get paper here Türkozan, Oğuz; Adem Özdemir, and Ferhat Kiremit 2008. International Testudo Trade. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 7(2): 269 - get paper here Turkozan, Oguz; Ferhat Kiremit, Brian R. Lavin, Fevzi Bardakcı & James F. Parham 2018. Morphological and mitochondrial variation of spur-thighed tortoises, Testudo graeca, in Turkey. The Herpetological Journal 28 (1): 1-9 - get paper here Türkozan, Oğuz; Ferhat Kiremit, Ertan Taşkavak, Kurtuluş Olgun 2005. Status, distribution, and population structure of land tortoises in European Thrace and northwestern Anatolia. Russ. J. Herpetol. 12 (3): 187-194. - get paper here Türkozan, Oğuz; Kiremit, Ferhat; Parham, James F.; Olgun, Kurtuluş; Taşkavak, Ertan 2010. A quantitative reassessment of morphology-based taxonomic schemes for Turkish tortoises (Testudo graeca). Amphibia-Reptilia 31: 69-83 - get paper here Valverde, J. 2005. Afrikanische Landschildkröten. Reptilia (Münster) 10 (56): 18-25 - get paper here Valverde, J. 2005. African Tortoises. Reptilia (GB) (43): 12-20 - get paper here Vamberger, Melita; Corti, Claudia; Stuckas, Heiko; Fritz, Uwe 2011. Is the imperilled spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca) native in Sardinia? Implications from population genetics and for conservation. Amphibia-Reptilia 32 (1): 9-25 - get paper here van der Kuyl , Antoinette C; Donato L P Ballasina and Fokla Zorgdrager 2005. Mitochondrial haplotype diversity in the tortoise species Testudo graeca from North Africa and the Middle East. BMC Evolutionary Biology 5:29 van der Kuyl, Antoinette C.; Donato L. Ph. Ballasina, John T. Dekker, Jolanda Maas, Ronald E. Willemsen and Jaap Goudsmit 2002. Phylogenetic Relationships among the Species of the Genus Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial 12S rRNA Gene Sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 22: 174-183 - get paper here Vetter, H. 2002. Turtles of the world, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and Western Asia. Edition Chimaira, Terralog 1, 96 pp. - get paper here Vlachos, E. and Rabi, M. 2018. Total evidence analysis and body size evolution of extant and extinct tortoises (Testudines: Cryptodira: Pan-Testudinidae). Cladistics 34: 652–683, doi:10.1111/cla.12227 - get paper here Vlad, Sabina E.; Theodor-Sebastian Topliceanu, Dan Cogălniceanu 2020. The impact of mowing management on a Testudo graeca population within a strictly protected area. Herpetology Notes 13: 523-525 - get paper here Weissinger, H. 1987. Testudo graeca anamurensis ssp. nov. aus Kleinasien. ÖGH-Nachr., Wien 10/11:14-18 Wermuth, H. 1958. Status und Nomenklatur der Maurischen Landschildkröte, Testudo graeca, in SW-Asien und NO-Afrika. Senckenbergiana Biologica 39: 149-153. Werner Y L 1985. Spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca) withou thigh spurs. Werner, F. 1899. Beiträge zur Herpetologie der pacifischen Inselwelt und von Kleinasien. I. Bemerkungen über einige Reptilien aus Neu-Guinea und Polynesien. II. Über einige Reptilien und Batrachier aus Kleinasien. Zool. Anz. 22: 371-375, 375-378 - get paper here Werner, Y.L. 2009. How not to write in defense of threatened tortoises. Journal of Threatened Taxa 1 (9): 471-473 - get paper here Werner, Yehudah L.;Nuphar Korolker, Guy Sion andBayram Göçmen 2015. Bergmann's and Rensch's rules and the spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, DOI: 10.1111/bij.12717 - get paper here Wilson, D.S. et al. 2003. Estimating age of turtles from growth rings: a critical evaluation of the technique. Herpetologica 59 (2): 178-194 - get paper here Wirth, M. 2013. Das Schildkrötenjahr - Freilandbiologie und Haltung europäischer Landschildkröten über den Jahresverlauf. Natur und Tier Verlag, Münster, 279 pp. - get paper here Wirth, Michael 2010. Der Mittelmeerraum – Landschaften und Herpetofauna in Südeuropa. Draco 11 (42): 4-23 Wirth, Michael 2013. Heu in der Schildkrötenernährung – wertvoll und lebensnotwendig. Draco 13 (54): 54-66 - get paper here Wirth, Michael 2013. Schildkrötenernährung, aber artgerecht – eine Praxisanleitung. Draco 13 (54): 20-29 - get paper here Wirth, Michael 2013. Vorbild Natur: Die Ernährung europäischer Landschildkröten im natürlichen Lebensraum. Draco 13 (54): 6-19 - get paper here Wirth, Michael 2013. Überwinterung europäischer Landschildkröten - naturnah oder kontrolliert? Draco 14 (55): 66-73 - get paper here Znari,M.; D.J. Germano; J.-C. Macé 2005. Growth and population structure of the Moorish Tortoise (Testudo graeca graeca) in Westcentral Morocco: possible effects of over-collecting for the tourist trade. Journal of Arid Environments 62: 55–74 - get paper here
External links	IUCN Red List National Center for Biotechnology Information http://home.earthlink.net/~rednine/gallery1.htm http://home.earthlink.net/~rednine/gallery3.htm http://www.tortoisetrust.org/articles/newfloweri.html http://www.kundert.ch/schildkroete/kurzportrait.htm http://www.tortoise.org/archives/tgraeca.html http://www.landschildkroeten.com/index1.htm http://www.nabeulensis.de/ http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/reptiles/tesgra.html http://zoobank.org/F099498E-DD43-4080-977F-FD68FA143EBC http://www.seh-herpetology.org/images/atlas/pdf/squamata/tesgra.pdf http://www.seh-herpetology.org/sites/seh-herpetology.org/files/uploads… Google images Profile of Testudo graeca on Reptarium

Is it interesting? Share with others:

As link to this species use URL address:

https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Testudo&species=graeca

without field 'search_param'. Field 'search_param' is used for browsing search result.

Please submit feedback about this entry to the curator