You are here » home › search results › Testudo graeca

Testudo graeca LINNAEUS, 1758

IUCN Red List - Testudo graeca - Vulnerable, VU
iNaturalist logo

Can you confirm these amateur observations of Testudo graeca?

Add your own observation of
Testudo graeca »

Find more photos by Google images search: Google images

Higher TaxaTestudinidae, Testudinoidea, Testudines (turtles)
SubspeciesTestudo graeca graeca LINNAEUS 1758
Testudo graeca armeniaca CHKHIKVADZE & BAKRADSE 1991
Testudo graeca buxtoni BOULENGER 1921
Testudo graeca cyrenaica PIEH & PERÄLÄ 2002
Testudo graeca ibera PALLAS 1814
Testudo graeca marokkensis PIEH & PERÄLÄ 2004
Testudo graeca nabeulensis HIGHFIELD 1990
Testudo graeca terrestris FORSKÅL 1775
Testudo graeca tripolitania POTERALA, RATTAY, JOHNSON, BUIJLAYYIL, KIRAZ & AJAJ 2024
Testudo graeca whitei BENNETT in WHITE 1836
Testudo graeca zarudnyi NIKOLSKY 1896 
Common NamesE: Mediterranean Spur-thighed Tortoise
G: Maurische Landschildkröte
Russian: Средиземноморская черепаха
Italian: testuggine moresca 
SynonymTestudo graeca LINNAEUS 1758: 198
Testudo pusilla LINNAEUS 1758: 198
Testudo graeca — SONNINI & LATREILLE 1802: 65
Testudo pusilla — SONNINI & LATREILLE 1802: 92
Testudo graeca — LINK 1807: 53
Testudo ibera PALLAS 1814 (fide KHALIKOV, pers. comm.)
Testudo mauritanica DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 45
Testudo graeca — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 49
Testudo mauritanica — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 219
Testudo graeca — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 219
Testudo ibera — BOULENGER 1836
Testudo ibera — WERNER 1899: 376
Testudo ibera — SIEBENROCK 1905: 310
Testudo graeca — ENGELMANN et al. 1993
Testudo graeca — SCHLEICH, KÄSTLE & KABISCH 1996: 148
Testudo graeca — LAPPARENT DE BROIN 2001
Testudo dagestanica CHIKHIKVADZE, MAZANAEVA & SHAMMAKOV 2011
Testudo graeca dagestanica — HERZ 2013
Testudo (Testudo) graeca — TTWG 2017: 151

Testudo graeca graeca LINNAEUS 1758
Testudo pusilla LINNAEUS 1758
Testudo mauritanica DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 45
Tistudo mauritonica — KERCADO 1835 (error typographicus)
Testudo pusilla — BOETTGER 1879: 81
Testudo graeca graeca — MERTENS 1946
Testudo graeca soussensis PIEH 2000
Testudo graeca soussensis — BONIN et al 2006
Testudo graeca graeca — BONIN et al 2006
Testudo graeca graeca — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007
Testudo graeca soussensis — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007
Testudo graeca soussensis — LEPTIEN 2009
Testudo graeca soussensis — HERZ 2013
Testudo graeca graeca — HERZ 2013
Testudo (Testudo) graeca graeca — TTWG 2017: 152
Testudo (Testudo) graeca soussensis — TTWG 2017: 153
Testudo (Testudo) graeca graeca — TTWG 2021

Testudo graeca antakyensis PERÄLÄ 1996
Testudo antakyensis PERÄLÄ 1996
Testudo (graeca) antakyensis — BONIN et al 2006
Testudo graeca antakyensis — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007
Testudo graeca antakyensis — HERZ 2013

Testudo graeca armeniaca CHKHIKVADZE & BAKRADSE 1991
Testudo graeca armeniaca CHKHIKVADZE 1989 (nom. nud.)
Testudo graeca pallasi CHKHIKVADZE & BAKRADZE 2002
Testudo (graeca) pallasi — BONIN et al 2006
Testudo (graeca) armeniaca — BONIN et al 2006
Testudo graeca armeniaca — AUER 2007
Testudo graeca armeniaca — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007
Testudo graeca pallasi — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007
Testudo graeca pallasi — HERZ 2013
Testudo graeca passasi [sic] — HERZ 2013: 113
Testudo graeca armeniaca — HERZ 2013
Testudo graeca armeniaca — TUNIYEV et al. 2014
Testudo graeca armeniaca — JAVANBAKHT et al. 2017
Testudo (Testudo) graeca armeniaca — TTWG 2017: 152
Testudo (Testudo) graeca armeniaca — TTWG 2021

Testudo graeca buxtoni BOULENGER 1921
Testudo buxtoni BOULENGER 1921 (valid fide PIEH et al. 2002)
Testudo buxtoni — PERÄLÄ 2001
Testudo perses PERÄLÄ 2002
Testudo perses — TÜRKOZAN et al. 2004
Testudo (graeca) perses — BONIN et al 2006
Testudo graeca perses — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007
Testudo buxtoni — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007
Testudo graeca buxtoni — AUER & HERZ 2007
Testudo graeca buxtoni — HERZ 2013
Testudo graeca perses — HERZ 2013
Testudo graeca buxtoni — JAVANBAKHT et al. 2017
Testudo (Testudo) graeca buxtoni — TTWG 2017: 152
Testudo (Testudo) graeca buxtoni — TTWG 2021

Testudo graeca cyrenaica PIEH & PERÄLÄ 2002
Testudo graeca cyrenaica — BONIN et al 2006
Testudo graeca cyrenaica — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007
Testudo graeca cyrenaica — HERZ 2013
Testudo (Testudo) graeca cyrenaica — TTWG 2017: 153
Testudo (Testudo) graeca cyrenaica — TTWG 2021

Testudo graeca ibera PALLAS 1814
Testudo ibera PALLAS 1814: 18
Testudo georgicana GÜLDENSTEDT 1814 (nomen nudum)
Testudo ecaudata PALLAS 1814 (nomen dubium fide PIEH et al. 2002)
Testudo ibera var. bicaudalis VENZMER 1918
Testudo ibera racovitzai CALINESCU 1931
Testudo graeca ibera — MERTENS 1946
Testudo graeca nikolskii CHKHIKVADZE & TUNIEV 1986
Testudo graeca nikolskii — TUNIYEV 1990
Testudo terrestris ibera — DAVID 1994
Testudo graeca ibera — STOEV 2000
Testudo graeca ibera — BISCHOFF 2002
Testudo graeca ibera — TÜRKOZAN et al. 2005
Testudo (graeca) ibera — BONIN et al 2006
Testudo (graeca) nikolskii — BONIN et al 2006
Testudo graeca nikolskii — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007
Testudo graeca ibera — AUER 2007
Testudo graeca ibera — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007
Testudo graeca nikolskii — HERZ 2013
Testudo ibera racovitzai — HERZ 2013
Testudo graeca ibera — HERZ 2013
Testudo graeca ibera — JAVANBAKHT et al. 2017
Testudo (Testudo) graeca ibera — TTWG 2017: 153
Testudo (Testudo) graeca ibera — TTWG 2021

Testudo graeca marokkensis PIEH & PERÄLÄ 2004
Testudo graeca marokkensis — BONIN et al 2006
Testudo graeca lamberti — BONIN et al 2006
Testudo graeca lamberti — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007
Testudo graeca marokkensis — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007
Testudo graeca lamberti — HERZ 2013
Testudo graeca marokkensis — HERZ 2013
Testudo (Testudo) graeca marokkensis — TTWG 2017: 153
Testudo (Testudo) graeca marokkensis — TTWG 2021

Testudo graeca nabeulensis (HIGHFIELD 1990)
Furculachelys nabeulensis HIGHFIELD 1990: 32
Testudo flavominimaralis HIGHFIELD & MARTIN 1990 (fide KUYL et al. 2002)
Testudo nabeulensis — IVERSON
Testudo nabeulensis — VETTER 2002
Testudo graeca nabeulensis — KUYL et al. 2002
Testudo nabeulensis — ROGNER 2006
Testudo graeca nabeulensis — BONIN et al 2006
Testudo graeca nabeulensis — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007
Testudo graeca flavominimaralis — HERZ 2013
Testudo graeca nabeulensis — HERZ 2013
Testudo flavominimaralis — BAUER et al. 2017: 265
Testudo (Testudo) graeca — TTWG 2017: 153
Testudo (Testudo) graeca nabeulensis — TTWG 2021

Testudo graeca terrestris FORSKÅL 1775
Testudo terrestris FORSKÅL 1775 (non T. t. FERMIN 1765)
Testudo zolkafa FORSKÅL 1831 (nomen nudum)
Testudo zohalfa FORSKÅL 1835 (nomen nudum)
Testudo floweri BODENHEIMER 1935
Testudo graeca floweri — MERTENS 1946
Testudo graeca terrestris — WERMUTH 1958
Testudo graeca terrestris — ESTERBAUER 1985
Testudo graeca anamurensis WEISSINGER 1987
Testudo terrestris terrestris — DAVID 1994
Testudo terrestris — PERÄLÄ 2001
Testudo floweri — PERÄLÄ 2001
Testudo floweri — LAHONY et al. 2002
Testudo graeca terrestris — HRAOUI-BLOQUET et al. 2002
Testudo terrestris — PERÄLÄ & BOUR 2004
Testudo (graeca) terrestris — BONIN et al 2006
Testudo (graeca) anamurensis — BONIN et al 2006
Testudo graeca floweri — BONIN et al 2006
Testudo graeca floweri — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007
Testudo graeca anamurensis — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007
Testudo graeca terrestris — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007
Testudo graeca anamurensis — HERZ 2013
Testudo graeca floweri — HERZ 2013
Testudo graeca terrestris — HERZ 2013
Testudo graeca terrestris — JAVANBAKHT et al. 2017
Testudo (Testudo) graeca terrestris — TTWG 2017: 154
Testudo (Testudo) graeca terrestris — TTWG 2021

Testudo graeca whitei BENNETT in WHITE 1836
Testudo whitei BENNETT in WHITE 1836: 361
Peltastes marginatus whitei — GRAY 1870: 12
Testudo marginata whitei
Furculachelys whitei — HIGHFIELD 1990
Testudo graeca whitei — HERZ 2013
Testudo (Testudo) graeca whitei — TTWG 2021

Testudo graeca zarudnyi NIKOLSKY 1896
Testudo zarudnyi NIKOLSKY 1896
Testudo zarudnyi — SCHMIDT 1939
Testudo graeca zarudnyi — MERTENS 1946
Testudo terrestris zarudnyi — DAVID 1994
Testudo zarudnyi — PERÄLÄ 2001
Testudo (graeca) zarudnyi — BONIN et al 2006
Testudo graeca zarudnyi — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007
Testudo graeca zarudnyi — HERZ 2013
Testudo graeca zarudnyi — JAVANBAKHT et al. 2017
Testudo (Testudo) graeca zarudnyi — TTWG 2017: 154
Testudo graeca zarudnyi — ANANJEVA et al. 2020
Testudo (Testudo) graeca zarudnyi — TTWG 2021 
DistributionS Spain (introduced to Mallorca, Formentera)
Italy incl. Sardinia and Sicily (introduced), France (introduced),
N Greece (including Aegean islands, e.g. Limnos, Lesbos, Chios, Samos, Samothraki),
Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey,
Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Israel, Syria, Jordan, Iran, N Iraq
Russia (eastwards to Transcaucasus; Dagestan),

acording to the 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals:
Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Egypt, France, E Republic of Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Macedonia, Moldova, Morocco, Romania, Russia, Spain, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan

armeniaca: Trans-Caucasus, Iran; Type locality: Megri, southeastern Armenia.

anamurensis: Cape Anamur and SW coast of Turkey. Type locality: Anamurum, southern Turkey.

antakyensis: S Turkey; Type locality: Antakya, Turkey.

buxtoni: N Iran; Type locality: Manjil, between Resht and Kaswin, Iran.

cyrenaica: Libya (endemic); Type locality: Derna (= Darna or Darnah, 32°46'N 22°39'E), Cyrenaica, eastern Libya.

flavominimaralis: Tunisia

floweri: Negev (S arid Israel); type locality: “Negev”.

ibera: S Serbia, Greece (Lesbos, Samos), Romania through Iran. Type locality: Tbilisi, Georgia (designated by Bour 1987).

lamberti: NW Morocco; Type locality: 22 km north of Tétouan (35°34'N 5°22'W), Morocco.

marokkensis: NW Morocco; Type locality: Tarmilete (33°23'N 6°04'W), Morocco.

nabeulensis: Tunisia, NW Libya; Type locality: Nabeul, N Tunisia

nikolskii: Republic of Georgia, Russia (western Caucasus); Type locality: Nebug Settlement, Tuapse County, Krasnodar District, Russia.

pallasi: Russia (Daghestan); Type locality: vicinity of Gilyary-Dag Settlement, Dagestan.

perses: SE Turkey, NE Iraq, SC Iran (Zagros mountains); Type locality: 3 miles W of Lālābād Village and 25 miles NW Kermānshāh (34°27'N 46°50'E), Kermānshāhān Province, west-central Iran.

soussensis: Souss valley, Morocco; Type locality: Vincity of Agadir, 30°28'N, 9°55'W.

terrestris: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, SE Turkey. Designated type locality (by neotype designation; Perälä & Bour 2004): Aleppo, Syria.

zarudnyi: E Iran; Type locality: “Birdschan” [Birjand, South Khorasan Province, Iran, 32.87 N 59.22 E].

whitei: Algeria; Type locality: Algiers and its environs, Algeria (Highfield & Martin 1989)

Type locality: "Africa," according to Linnaeus 1758:352; however, the caption of the holotype, Plate 204 of Edwards 1751 reads "Loc. Santa Cruz in West Barbary" (=old fort Santa Cruz near Oran, Algeria, according to Strauch (1862:67). Mertens and Müller (1928:22), designated it as "Santa Cruz, in der Westberberei, Nordafrika" (after KING & BURKE 1989).  
ReproductionOviparous. Temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) (Pieau 1998). 
TypesIconotype: The life-sized colored figure in Plate 204 of Edwards 1751 according to Loveridge and Williams 1957:264-265.
Holotype: BNHS fide Boulenger 1921, collected by Captain P.A. Buxton, BMNH 1947.3.5.16 (1920.8.6.1) Presented: Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Type of Testudo buxtoni, listed as Testudo graeca ibera) [buxtoni]
Holotype: MTD (= MTKD) 31880, adult female, don. Detlef MENDAU VII. 1991 [cyrenaica]
Lectotype: Iconotype (Pallas. Plate II. fig. 2- 3, originally unpublished but reproduced by Strauch 1862:69: Darevsky and Mertens 1973: 100: and Bour 1986: 113). Designation by Bour (1986: 113) [ibera]
Holotype: SMNS 7602 [marokkensis]
Neotype: MNHN 0.1937, designated by Schweiger & Gemel 2020. Previously, USNM 10980 was considered as (questionable) syntype [Testudo mauritanica]
Holotype: unknown, "adult male", without further collection information [nabeulensis]
Holotype: FMNH 130820 [perses]
Paratype: SMNS 4647.1 [soussensis]
Hololype: lost (apparently fide R. G. Webb. pers. comm., cited in Iverson 1992: 286) [terrestris]
Hololype: FMNH 289176 [tripolitania]
Hololype: ZISP 8738 (also given as ZIL) [zarudnyi] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (12019 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentDistribution: Erroneously reported from Egypt (SCHLEICH et al. 1996), but does not occur there (BUSKIRK 1996). Testudo graeca has been reported from the Canary Islands but these specimens are most likely escaped pets that do not form viable populations (A. VILADO, pers. comm.). For a map see Escoriza & Hassine 2022: Fig. 1 and Türkozan et al. 2023: Fig. 11.

Hybridization: Testudo graeca ibera has been reported to produce viable hybrids with Testudo horsfieldii, T. hermanni boettgeri, and T. marginata (KABISCH 2001, STEMMLER-GYGER 1963, 1964, HEIMANN 1986, MERTENS 1968, Rogner 2013).

Taxonomy: Testudo buxtoni has been considered as valid species by PIEH et al. (2002). Oğuz et al. (2010) found that “antakyensis”, “anamurensis”, and “terrestris”) are not Tortoise populations from northern and southern Turkey, which may correspond to the ibera and terrestris mt clades, also appear to be morphometrically distinct. Türkozan et al. (2010) found that “antakyensis”, “anamurensis”, and “terrestris” are not morphometrically distinct, but “armeniaca” and “perses” are.

Synonymy: IVERSON 1992 and SCHLEICH et al. 1996 don’t accept T. nabeulensis, which might be a subspecies or variant of Testudo graeca. Testudo dagestanica has been tentatively placed in the synonymy of T. graeca (PP van Dijk, pers. comm. 18 July 2012). TTWG 2021 does not accept perses and soussensis, hence we followed their synonymization.

Subspecies: after TTWG 2014. According to Kuyl et al. (2002) only 4 subspecies are recognized: T. g. graeca of North Africa; T. g. ibera of the Balkans, Greece, Turkey, Iran, and Russia; and T. g. terrestris of Libya, Israel, Egypt, and Syria. Little is known about the fourth subspecies, T. g. zarudnyi, which is restricted to the Central Iranian Plateau and Afghanistan. A morphological study suggested that the first three subspecies should be elevated to full species level (Gmira, 1993). More recent genetic analyses by Kuyl et al. (2005) indicated that only 2 subspecies are clearly distinguishable, T. g. graeca and T. g. ibera. The variety “Golden Greek” is actually Testudo graeca terrestris FORSKÅL 1775.

Note that the paper by KUYL et al. (2002) was later criticized by PERÄLÄ (2004).

Type species: Testudo graeca LINNAEUS 1758: 198 is the type species of the genus Testudo LINNAEUS 1758. 
References
  • Abdala, V.; Manzano, A.S. & Herrel, A. 2008. The distal forelimb musculature in aquatic and terrestrial turtles: phylogeny or environmental constraints? J. Anat. 213: 159–172 - get paper here
  • Akman, B., Çakmak, M., & Yıldız, M.Z. 2020. On the Herpetofauna of the Central Anatolian Province of Kırıkkale (Turkey) (Amphibia; Reptilia). Acta Biologica Turcica, 33(2): 70-79
  • Akman, B.; M. Z. Yildiz et al. 2018. On the herpetofauna of the East Anatolian Province of Bitlis (Turkey) (Amphibia; Reptilia). Herpetozoa 31 (1/2): 69 - 82 - get paper here
  • Akveran, Gönül Arslan; Zafer Ayaş 2019. The egg characteristics of natural spur-thighed tortoises (Testudo graeca) population in Cappadocia, Central Anatol. Herpetology Notes 12: 667-673 - get paper here
  • Al-Quran, S. 2009. The Herpetofauna of the Southern Jordan. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 6 (4): 385-391 [this journal has a dubious record, see http://goo.gl/81SBPv]
  • Alvarez, Y.; Mateo, J.A.; Andreu, A.C.; Diaz-Paniagua, C.; Diez, A.; Bautista, J.M. 2000. Mitochondrial DNA haplotyping of Testudo graeca on both continental sides of the Straits of Gibraltar. Journal of Heredity 91(1):39-41 - get paper here
  • Amiranashvili, N.G. 2000. Differences in shell morphology of Testudo graeca and Testudo hermanni , based on material from Bulgaria. Amphibia-Reptilia 21 (1): 67-81 - get paper here
  • Anadón, J. D.; Giménez, A.; Pérez, I.; Martínez, M.; Esteve, M. A. 2005. The role of relief in local abundance patterns of the spur-thighed tortoise Testudo graeca graeca in south-east Spain. The Herpetological Journal 15: 285-290 - get paper here
  • Anadón, José Daniel; Giménez, Andrés; Graciá, Eva; Pérez, Irene; Ferrández, Marcos; Fahd, Soumia; El Mouden, Hassan; Kalboussi, Mohsen; Jdeidi, Tarek; Larbes, Said; Rouag, Rachid; Slimani, Tahar; Znari, Mohammed; Fritz, Uwe 2012. Distribution of Testudo graeca in the western Mediterranean according to climatic factors. Amphibia-Reptilia 33 (2): 285-296 - get paper here
  • ANANJEVA, NATALIA B.; KONSTANTIN D. MILTO, ANDREI V. BARABANOV, EVGENY A. GOLYNSKY 2020. An annotated type catalogue of amphibians and reptiles collected by Nikolay A. Zarudny in Iran and Middle Asia. Zootaxa 4722 (2): 101–128 - get paper here
  • Ananjeva, NB, Orlov NL; Khalikov RG; Darevsky IS; Ryabov IS & Barabanov AV 2006. The Reptiles of North Eurasia. Taxonomic Diversity, Distribution, Conservation Status [this comprises the territory of the former Soviet Union and Mongolia]. Pensoft Series Faunistica 47, 250 pp.
  • ARAKELYAN, Marine AND JAMES F. PARHAM 2008. The Geographic Distribution of Turtles in Armenia and the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (Artsakh). Chelonian Conservation and Biology 7(1): 70–77 - get paper here
  • Arakelyan, Marine S.; Felix D. Danielyan, Claudia Corti, Roberto Sindaco, and Alan E. Leviton 2011. The Herpetofauna of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. SSAR, Salt Lake City, 154 pp. [ISBN: 978-0-916984-84-7.]
  • Arakelyan, Marine;Oğuz Türkozan,Nasim Hezaveh,James F. Parham 2018. Ecomorphology of tortoises (Testudo graeca complex) from the Araks River Valley. Russ. J. Herpetol. 25 (4): 245-252 - get paper here
  • Arslan, D., Olivier, A., Ernoul, L., Béchet, A., & Çiçek, K. 2021. Demography, distribution, and threat assessment of the Spur-thighed Tortoise (Testudo graeca) in the Gediz Delta, Turkey (Reptilia: Testudines). Zoology in the Middle East, 1-12 - get paper here
  • Auer, M. 2007. Status, Verbreitung und standortabhängige Merkmalsausbildung der Landschildkröten Aserbaidschans. Elaphe 15 (2): 14-16
  • Auer, M. & Herz, M. 2007. Die Landschildkröten des Iran - Persische Populationen der Maurischen Landschildkröte. Draco 8 (32): 50-55 - get paper here
  • Auffenberg, Walter 1977. Display Behavior in Tortoises. American Zoologist 17: 241-250 - get paper here
  • Avcı, Aziz; Nazan Üzüm, Emin Bozkurt, Kurtuluş Olgun 2018. The Herpetofauna of Poorly Known Tunceli Province (Turkey). Russ. J. Herpetol. 25 (1): 17-24 - get paper here
  • AYAZ, D. & ÇIÇEK, K. 2011. Aestivation observed in Testudo graeca ibera PALLAS, 1814 in southern Anatolia (Turkey) [Short Note]. Herpetozoa 23 (3/4): 84-86 - get paper here
  • Băncilă, Raluca Ioana; Rodica Plăiaşu, Marian Tudor, Ciprian Samoilă, and Dan Cogălniceanu 2012. Fluctuating Asymmetry in the Eurasian Spur-Thighed Tortoise, Testudo graeca ibera Linneaus, 1758 (Testudines: Testudinidae). Chelonian Conservation and Biology Dec 2012, Vol. 11, No. 2: 234-239. - get paper here
  • Bar, A., Haimovitch, G. and Meiri, S. 2021. Field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of Israel. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt Am Main. ISBN 9783-89973-120-0 - get paper here
  • Bar, Aviad and Guy Haimovitch 2012. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Israel. Pazbar LTD, 246 pp. - get paper here
  • Barje, F., T. Slimani, E. H. El Mouden, F. Lagarde, X. Bonnet & K. B. Kaddour 2005. Shrewd shrikes and spiny shrubs: a calamity for hatchling Moorish tortoises (Testudo graeca graeca) Amphibia-Reptilia, 26(1): 113-115. - get paper here
  • Bassu, L.; V. Nulchis, M. G. Satta, C. Fresi & C. Corti 2008. Atlas of amphibians and reptiles of Sardinia - state of the art and general considerations. Herpetologia Sardiniae (Claudia Corti, ed.), Edizioni Belvedere, 504 pp.
  • BERNHEIM, MAI & URI SHANAS. 2023. Successful righting response in the Mediterranean Spur-thighed Tortoise, Testudo graeca terrestris Forskål, 1775, occurs only during the mating season and primarily by sexually motivated mature males. Herpetology Notes 16: 353–360. - get paper here
  • Beshkov, V & Nanev, K 2006. The Amphibians and Reptiles in Bulgaria. Pensoft Series Faunistica 46, 120 pp.
  • Beshkov, Vladimir A. 1997. Record-sized tortoises, Testudo graeca ibera and Testudo hermanni boettgeri, from Bulgaria. Chelonian Conserv. Biol. 2 (4): 593-596
  • Bettelheim M.P. and TASKAVAK E. 2006. The Tortoise and the Tulip - Testudo graeca ibera and Osman Hamdi's "The Tortoise Trainer". Bibliotheca Herpetologica 6 (2): - get paper here
  • Bezaz, Y. I., Hadjab, R., Khammar, H., Redjaimia, L., & Saheb, M. 2021. First data on the diversity of the herpetofauna of the Oum El Bouaghi Region (Northeast of Algeria). Ecol. Env. & Cons. 27 (3): 983-989
  • Biaggini, Marta; Antonio Romano, Luciano Di Tizio, Claudia Corti 2018. Density and sex-ratio of wild populations of three Testudo species in Italy. Herpetozoa 30 (3/4): 203 - 208 - get paper here
  • Bird, C. G. 1936. The distribution of reptiles and amphibians in Asiatic Turkey with notes on a collection from the Vilayets of Adana, Gaziantep and Malatya. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10) 18: 257-281. - get paper here
  • Bischoff, W. 2002. Auf der Suche nach Darevskia valentini (BOETTGER 1892) in Georgien - Impressionen aus einem wenig bekannten Land. Elaphe 10 (3): 49-61
  • Bodenheimer, F. S. 1935. Animal life in Palestine. An introduction to the problems of animal ecology and zoogeography. L. Mayer, Jerusalem, 506 pp.
  • BONETA JIMÉNEZ, IRATXE; ADÁN PÉREZ-GARCÍA & CORINA LIESAU VON LETTOW-VORBECK. 2022. The oldest evidence of Testudo graeca (Testudinidae) in the Iberian Peninsula. The Anatomical Record 1–11. - get paper here
  • Bonin, F., Devaux, B. & Dupré, A. 2006. Turtles of the World. English translation by P.C.H. Pritchard. Johns Hopkins University Press, 416 pp.
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1921. Description of a New Land Tortoise from Northern Persia. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 27: 251 [1920] - get paper here
  • Bour, R. 1987. L'identité des Tortues terrestres européennes: spécimens-types et localitiés-types. Revue Française d'Aquariologie, Herpétologie. Université de Nancy 13 (4) [1986]: 111-122. - get paper here
  • Bour, Roger; Ohler, Annemarie. 2008. Chersine Merrem, 1820 and Chersina Gray, 1831: a nomenclatural survey. Zootaxa 1752: 66-68 - get paper here
  • Bozkurt, E., Ürker, O., & Elverici, M. 2022. An assessment of the herpetofauna of the Oriental Sweetgum forests in southwestern Anatolia, Turkey. Phyllomedusa 21(2): 125-139 - get paper here
  • Breuer, I. 2005. Haltung und Nachzucht von Testudo graeca soussensis PIEH 2000. Elaphe 13 (1): 16-18
  • Broggi, Mario F. 1978. Herpetologische Beobachtungen auf der Insel Lesbos (Griechenland). Salamandra 14 (4): 161-171 - get paper here
  • Broggi, Mario F. 1997. Zur Verbreitung von Testudo graeca ibera Pallas, 1814 auf den Inseln der Nordostägäis und der Dodekanes (Griechenland) (Testudines: Testudinidae). Herpetozoa 10 (3/4): 153-155 - get paper here
  • BUICĂ, Gabriel; Dan COGĂLNICEANU 2013. Using digital images in the study of fluctuating asymmetry in the spur-thighed tortoise Testudo graeca. Turk J Zool 37: 723-729 - get paper here
  • Burggren, W.W. 1976. The Persistence of a Patent Ductus Asteriosus in an Adult Specimen of the Tortoise Testudo graeca Copeia 1976 (2): 405-407. - get paper here
  • Buskirk,J.R. 1996. Of the absence of spur-thighed tortoises, Testudo graeca, from Egypt. Chelonian Conserv. Biol. 2: 118-120
  • Cattaneo A.; Cattaneo C. & Grano M. 2023. The herpetofauna of the Dodecanese Islands. Life on Islands 2. Zoological diversity of the Aegean Archipelago. Studies dedicated to Norma Chapman. Edizioni Danaus, Palermo, Pp. 37-58. - get paper here
  • Cherepanov G. O 2016. Variability of the scutes of the turtle shell: mechanisms of morphogenesis and the nature of anomalies. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 6th CONGRESS OF THE A. M. NIKOLSKY HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY, pp. 170-174 - get paper here
  • Chessman, B. C. 2024. The conundrum of turtle and tortoise basking: A critical review. Journal of Zoology - get paper here
  • Chkhikvadze V.M., Mazanaeva L.F., Shammakov S.M. 2011. A SHORT ACCOUNT OF A NEW SPECIES OF LAND TORTOISE IN DAGESTAN [in Russian]. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE «BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION PROBLEMS OF THE FAUNA OF THE CAUCASUS 336-340
  • Chkhikvadze, V. M. & Bakradze, M. A. 1991. On the systematic position of the recent land turtle from the Araxes valley. [in Russian] Trudy Tbilissk. gosudarstven. Univ., 305:<br />60 - get paper here
  • Chkhikvadze, V. M. & Bakradze, M. A. 2002. nan Proceedings of the Institute of Zoology (Academy of Sciences of Georgia), Tbilisi, 21: 276-279
  • Cogălniceanu, Dan; Laurentiu Rozylowicz, Paul Székely, Ciprian Samoilă, Florina Stănescu, Marian Tudor, Diana Székely, Ruben Iosif 2013. Diversity and distribution of reptiles in Romania. ZooKeys 341 (2013): 49-76 - get paper here
  • Cogălniceanu, Dan; Ciprian Samoilă, Marian Tudor, Oliver Tallowin 2010. An extremely large spur-thighed tortoise male (Testudo graeca) from Măcin Mountains National Park, Romania. Herpetology Notes 3: 045-048
  • Conradi, B. 2004. Zwillingsschlupf bei Maurischen Landschildkröten. Elaphe 12 (3): 39-40
  • Corti, C., Biaggini, M., Nulchis, V., Cogoni, R., Cossu, I. M., Frau, S., ... & Bassu, L. 2022. Species diversity and distribution of amphibians and reptiles in Sardinia, Italy. Acta Herpetologica, 17(2), 125-133 - get paper here
  • Covaciu-Marcov S.-D.; Ghira, I.; Cicort-Lucaciu A.-St., Sas I.; Strugariu, A. & Bogdan H. V. 2006. Contributions to knowledge regarding the geographical distribution of the herpetofauna of Dobrudja, Romania. North-Western Journal of Zoology 2 (2): 88-125 - get paper here
  • Crucitti, Pierangelo; Federica Emiliani 2012. Morphological variability of the Spur-thighed Tortoise, Testudo graeca, in the Nemrut Volcano (Eastern Turkey) (Testudines: Testudinidae). Zoology in the Middle East 56 - get paper here
  • Cuvier, G. 1831. The Animal Kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization, by the Baron Cuvier, ... with additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith... and others. Vol. 9. Whittaker, Treacher and Co., London, 481 pp. - get paper here
  • ÇAKMAK, Mücahit; Bahadır AKMAN and Mehmet Zülfü YILDIZ 2018. HERPETOFAUNA OF BARTIN PROVINCE (NORTHWEST BLACKSEA REGION, TURKEY). South Western Journal of Horticulture, Biology and Environment P-Issn: 2067- 9874, E-Issn: 2068-7958<br />Vol.8, No.2, 2017 pp.89-102 - get paper here
  • Daubner, M. & Vinke, T. 2006. Schildkröten im Fokus - Sonderband Testudo - häufig gehaltene Arten. Dauvi-Verlag, Bergheim, 157 pp.
  • Díaz-Paniagua, C., C. Keller & A.C. Andreu 1995. Annual variation of activity and daily distances moved in adult spur-thighed tortoises, Testudo graeca, in southwestern Spain Herpetologica 51 (2): 225-233. - get paper here
  • Díaz-Paniagua, C.; Andreu, A. C.; Keller, C. 2006. Effects of temperature on hatching success in field incubating nests of spur-thighed tortoises, Testudo graeca. The Herpetological Journal 16: 249-257 - get paper here
  • Disi, A.M.; Modry, D.; Nečas, P. & Rifai, L. 2001. Amphibians and reptiles of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, 408 pp.
  • Disi, Ahmad; Zuhair S. Amr, Nashat Hamidan 2014. Diversity, Threats, and Conservation of the Terrestrial and Freshwater Herpetofauna of Jordan. Russ. J. Herpetol. 21 (3): 221-233 - get paper here
  • Duméril, A. M.C., G. BIBRON & A. DUMÉRIL 1854. Erpétologie générale ou Histoire Naturelle complète des Reptiles. Vol. 9. Paris, XX + 440 S. - get paper here
  • Duméril, A.M.C., and G. Bibron. 1835. Erpétologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complète des Reptiles, Vol. 2. Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, iv + 680 p. - get paper here
  • Dunaev E.A., Orlova V.F. 2017. Amphibians and reptiles of Russia. Atlas and determination. 2nd. ed. Moscow: Phyton XXI, 328 p
  • Dzukic, G. 1995. Diverzitet vodozemaca (Amphibia) i gmizavaca (Reptilia) Jugoslavije, sa pregledom vrsta od me?unarodnog znacˇaja. U: Stevanovic´, V., Vasic´, V. (eds.): Biodiverzitet Jugoslavije sa pregledom vrsta od me?unarodnog znacˇaja. Biolosˇki fakultet i Ecolibri, Beograd: 447 – 469.
  • Ebel, R., Herrel, A., Scheyer, T.M. and Keogh, J.S. 2025. Review of osteoderm function and future research directions. J Zool, 325: 1-24 - get paper here
  • Edwards, G. 1751. Natural History of Uncommon Birds and Some Other Rare Undescribed Animals, Quadrapedes, Reptiles, Fishes, Insects, Etc. Royal College of Physicians, London, Pt. IV. iv + 248 pp. [So many editions, volumes, parts, and translations appeared in various combinations between 1743 and 1751 that publication dates are hard to fix. Part IV appeared as the last part of Vol. II
  • Elbahi A, Lawton C, Oubrou W, El Bekkay M, Hermas J, Dugon M 2022. Reptile biodiversity in Souss-Massa National Park: an internationally important hotspot in the Mediterranean region. Biodiversity Data Journal 10: e79088 - get paper here
  • Elbahi, A., Dugon, M., Oubrou, W., El Bekkay, M., Hermas, J., & Lawton, C. 2024. Modelling the ecological niches of reptiles in highly biodiverse protected areas. Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes, 1–22 - get paper here
  • Engelmann, W.E. et al. 1993. Lurche und Kriechtiere Europas. Neumann Verlag (Radebeul, Germany), 440 pp.
  • Escoriza D & J. Ben Hassine 2022. Niche diversification of Mediterranean and southwestern Asian tortoises. PeerJ 10:e13702 - get paper here
  • Escoriza, Daniel; Carmen Díaz-Paniagua, Ana Andreu, and Jihène Ben Hassine 2022. Testudo graeca Linnaeus 1758 (Western Subspecies Clade: Testudo g. graeca, T. g. cyrenaica, T. g. marokkensis, T. g. nabeulensis, T. g. whitei) – Mediterranean Spur-thighed Tortoise, Moorish Tortoise, Libyan Tortoise, Moroccan Tortoise, Tunisian Tortoise, Souss Valley Tortoise. In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(16):117.1–18 - get paper here
  • Esterbauer, H. 1985. Zur Herpetofauna Südwestsyriens. Herpetofauna 7 (38): 23-34 - get paper here
  • Farke, C. M. & C. Distler 2015. Ontogeny and abnormalities of the tortoise carapace: a computer tomography and dissection study. Salamandra 51 (3): 231-244 - get paper here
  • Forcart, Lothar 1950. Amphibien und Reptilien von Iran. Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel 61: 141-156
  • Forskål,P. 1775. Descriptiones animalium, avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium; quae in itinere Orientali observavit Petrus Forskål. Mölleri, Hauniae, xxxiv + 164 pp. - get paper here
  • Fritz, U.; Bischoff, W.; Martens, H. & Schmidtler, J.F. 1996. Variabilität syrischer Landschildkröten sowie zur Systematik und Zoogeographie im Nahen Osten und in Nordafrika. Herpetofauna 18 (104): 5-14 - get paper here
  • Fritz, Uwe 2004. Record clutch size in Testudo graeca ibera Pallas, 1814 s. l. from Van Gölü region (Turkey). Herpetozoa 16 (3/4):165-166 - get paper here
  • Fritz, Uwe, D. James Harris, Soumia Fahd, Rachid Rouag, Eva Graciá Martínez, Andrés Giménez Casalduero, Pavel Široký, Mohsen Kalboussi, Tarek B. Jdeidi and Anna K. Hundsdörfer. 2009. Mitochondrial phylogeography of Testudo graeca in the Western Mediterranean: Old complex divergence in North Africa and recent arrival in Europe. Amphibia- Reptilia 30 (1):63-80 - get paper here
  • Fritz, Uwe; Hundsdörfer, Anna K.; Široký, Pavel; Auer, Markus; Kami, Hajigholi; Lehmann, Jan; Mazanaeva, Lyudmila F.; Türkozan, Oğuz; Wink, Michael 2007. Phenotypic plasticity leads to incongruence between morphology-based taxonomy and genetic differentiation in western Palaearctic tortoises (Testudo graeca complex; Testudines, Testudinidae). Amphibia-Reptilia 28 (1): 97-121 - get paper here
  • Frynta,D. et al. 1997. Results of the Czech biological expedition to Iran. Part 1. Notes on the distribution of amphibians and reptiles. Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 61: 3-17
  • GEMEL, R. & HÖRWEG, CH. 2011. Zum Befall der Maurischen Landschildkröte Testudo graeca LINNAEUS, 1758 durch Zecken, und deren Bedeutung als Vektoren. Ein Literaturüberblick samt eigenen Beobachtungen. Herpetozoa 23 (3/4): 21-30 - get paper here
  • Gemel, R.; G. Gassner & S. Schweiger 2019. Katalog der Typen der Herpetologischen Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien – 2018. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 121: 33–248 - get paper here
  • Gichikhanova U. A., Mazanaeva L. F. 2024. On the history of the study of land turtles (Testudinidae, Testudo) of the Caucasus. Current Studies in Herpetology 24 (1-2): 37 - get paper here
  • Glavaschi, Alexandra; Ellen S. Beaumont 2014. The escape behaviour of wild Greek tortoises Testudo graeca with an emphasis on geometrical shape. Basic and Applied Herpetology 28: 21-33 - get paper here
  • Gmira, S. 1993. Une nouvelle espèce de tortue Testudininei (Testudo kenitrensis n. sp.) de l‘inter Amirien-Tensiftien de Kénitra (Maroc). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Se´rie II 316: 701–707.
  • Gordeev D. A., Mazanaeva L. F., Gichikhanova U. A. 2024. Description of cases of axial bifurcation of the Mediterranean Spur-thighed tortoise – Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758 (Testudinidae, Reptilia) based on field research and herpetological collection of ZIN RAS. Current Studies in Herpetology 24 (1-2): 51 - get paper here
  • Graciá, Eva; Giménez, Andrés; Anadón, José Daniel; Botella, Francisco; García-Martínez, Santiago; Marín, María 2011. Genetic patterns of a range expansion: The spur-thighed tortoise Testudo graeca graeca in southeastern Spain. Amphibia-Reptilia 32 (1): 49-61 - get paper here
  • Graciá, Eva; Mario Vargas-Ramírez, Massimo Delfino, José D. Anadón, Andrés Giménez, Soumia Fahd, Claudia Corti, Tarek B. Jdeidi, Uwe Fritz 2017. Expansion after expansion: dissecting the phylogeography of the widely distributed spur-thighed tortoise, Testudo graeca (Testudines: Testudinidae). Biol J Linn Soc 121 (3): 641-654. - get paper here
  • Hailey, A. 2005. Michael R.K. Lambert. Applied Herpetology 2: 89-97 - get paper here
  • Handal, Elias N.; Zuhair S. Amr, Mazin B. Qumsiyeh 2016. Some Records of Reptiles from the Palestinian Territories. Russ. J. Herpetol. 23 (4): 261-270 - get paper here
  • Haxhiu, Idriz 1995. Results of studies on the chelonians of Albania. Chelonian Conserv. Biol. 1 (4): 324-326
  • Heimann, E. 1986. Bastardierung zwischen Testudo graeca ibera und Testudo marginata. Elaphe 3: 30-31
  • Heimann, E. 1990. Testudo graeca LINNAEUS, 1758. Sauria 12 Suppl.: 187–192 - get paper here
  • Herz, M. 1999. Erfolgreiche Nachzucht von Testudo graeca anamurensis Weissinger, 1987. Sauria 21 (2): 3-8 - get paper here
  • Herz, Mario 2013. Maurische Landschildkröten - Testudo graeca. Natur und Tier Verlag, Münster, 142 pp. - get paper here
  • Hichami, Nawal; Mohammed Znari, Mohamed Naimi & Salwa Namous 2016. Clutch, egg and hatchling characteristics in the Souss Valley tortoises, Testudo graeca soussensis Pieh, 2001 (Testudines: Testudinidae) from an arid steppe-land of west-central Morocco. African Journal of Herpetology 65 (1): 21-32 | DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2015.1136701 - get paper here
  • Highfield, A C 1990. Preliminary report on the taxonomic, biotypic and conservation status of the land tortoises of Tunisia. Tortoise Survival Project, London. : 1-17
  • Highfield,A.C. 1990. Tortoises of North Africa: Taxonomy, nomenclature, phylogeny, and evolution with notes on field studies in Tunisia. J. Chelon. Herpetol. 1 (2): 1-56 - get paper here
  • Highfield,A.C. & Martin,J. 1990. A revision of the Testudines of North Africa, Asia and Europe. J. Chelon. Herpetol. 1 (1): 1-12
  • HOCHNER-MOLE, P. M 2020. Testudo graeca (Mediterranean Spur-Thighed Tortoise). Carapace Anomaly. Herpetological Review 51: 584-585.
  • Hofstra, Jelle. 2014. Zehn Jahre Beobachtungen der Maurischen Landschildkröte auf der griechischen Insel Lesbos. Schildkröten im Fokus 11 (4): 3-14
  • Hraoui-Bloquet, S.; Sadek, R.A.; Sindaco, R. & Venchi, A. 2002. The herpetofauna of Lebanon: new data on distribution. Zoology in the Middle East 27: 35-46 - get paper here
  • Hughes, B. 1986. Longevity Records of African Captive Amphibians and Reptiles: Part 1: Introduction and Species List 1 - Amphibians and Chelonians. J. Herp. Assoc. Africa (32): 1-5 - get paper here
  • Iftime, Alexandru; Oana Iftime 2012. Long term observations on the alimentation of wild Eastern Greek Tortoises Testudo graeca ibera (Reptilia: Testudines: Testudinidae) in Dobrogea, Romania. Acta Herpetologica 7 (1): 105-110 - get paper here
  • Inozemtsev, Alexander A. 1997. Ecological distribution and population dynamics of the Mediterranean tortoise, Testudo graeca nikolskii, in xerophytic forests of the Western Caucasus, Southern Russia. Chelonian Conserv. Biol. 2 (4): 567-572
  • Iverson, J.B. 1992. A revised Checklist with Distribution Maps of the Turtles of the World. Richmond, Indiana, privately published, 363 pp.
  • Javanbakht, Hossein; Flora Ihlow, Daniel Jablonski, Pavel Široký, Uwe Fritz, Dennis Rödder, Mozafar Sharifi, Peter Mikulíček 2017. Genetic diversity and Quaternary range dynamics in Iranian and Transcaucasian tortoises. Biol J Linn Soc 121 (3): 627-640 - get paper here
  • Kabisch, K. 1989. Carapaxanomalien bei vier Juntieren von Testudo graeca ibera PALLAS 1814. Sauria 11 (1): 23-25 - get paper here
  • Kabisch, K. 1990. Eineiige Zwillinge bei Testudo graeca ibera PALLAS 1814 (Testudines: Testudinidae). Sauria 12 (2): 15-16 - get paper here
  • Kabisch, K. 2001. Bastardierung von Testudo horsfieldii GRAY 1844 und Testudo graeca ibera PALLAS 1814. Sauria 23 (2): 7-11 - get paper here
  • Kabisch, K. & Belter, H. 1968. Das Verzehren von Amphibien und Reptilien durch Vögel. Zoologische Abhandlungen aus dem Staatlichen Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden 29: 191-227
  • Kabisch, K. & Engelhard, H. 1964. Beobachtungen an Reptilien in der Umgebung von Varna-Goldsand. Aquarien Terrarien 11 (6): 194-197
  • Kabisch, Klaus 2010. Kulturgeschichtliches zur Schildkröte. Der „Schildkrötentrainer“ – Wandteppich nach dem Ölgemälde von Osman Hamdi Bey. Sekretär 10 (2): - get paper here
  • Kabisch, Klaus 2011. Kulturgeschichtliches zur Schildkröte. Die Schildkröte im Equipment von Einbrechern im arabisch-islamischen Mittelalter Sekretär 11 (2): - get paper here
  • KADDOUR, KHALID BEN; EL HASSAN EL MOUDEN, TAHAR SLIMANI, XAVIER BONNET, AND FREDERIC LAGARDE 2008. Sexual Dimorphism in the Greek Tortoise: A Test of the Body Shape Hypothesis. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 7(1): 21–27 - get paper here
  • Kamali, Kamran 2020. A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Iran. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (www.chimaira.de). 574 pp.
  • Kantz, Helmut 2013. Golden Greek - was ist das? Terraria-Elaphe 2013 (5): 69-72 - get paper here
  • Kasapidis, Panagiotis;Provatidou, Sofia;Maragou, Panagiota;Valakos, Efstratios D. 1996. Neue Daten über die Herpetofauna von Lesbos (ägäische Inseln, Griechenland) und einige biogeographische Bemerkungen über die Inseln des nordöstlichen ägäischen Archipels. Salamandra 32 (3): 171-180 - get paper here
  • Kasparek, M. 1990. Zur Herpetofauna des Beckens von Köycegiz, Türkei (Dalyan-Region). Salamandra 26 (2-3): 155-164 - get paper here
  • Keller, C., C. Díaz-Paniagua & A.C. Andreu 1998. Survival Rates and Causes of Mortality of Testudo graeca Hatchlings in Southwestern Spain Journal of Herpetology 32 (2): 238-243. - get paper here
  • Köhler, H.W. 2004. Maurische Landschildkröten (Testudo graeca) an der türkischen Riviera. Reptilia (Münster) 9 (45): 64-71 - get paper here
  • Köhler, H.W. 2006. Testudo graeca. The Mediterranean Spur-Thighed Tortoise on the Turkish Riviera. Reptilia (GB) (44): 52-58 - get paper here
  • Kukushkin, Oleg; Tavakkul Iskenderov, Saxib Axmedov, Sabina Bunyatova and Oleksandr Zinenko. 2012. Additions to the distribution of Vipera eriwanensis (Serpentes: Viperidae) in Transcaucasia, with comments on the identity of vipers in northeastern Azerbaijan. Herpetology Notes 6: 423-427
  • Kurnaz, M., & Eroğlu, A. İ. 2021. Habitat preferences of Testudo graeca, Linnaeus 1758 (Squamata; Testudinidae) with a new locality record from eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. Scientific Reports in Life Sciences, 2(2), 30-38 - get paper here
  • Kuzmin, S.L. 2002. The turtles of Russia and other Ex-soviet Republics. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, 159 pp.
  • Kwet, A. 2010. Reptilien und Amphibien Europas. Kosmos-Verlag, Stuttgart, 252 pp.
  • Kwet, Axel & Benny Trapp 2014. Liste der Reptilien Europas. Draco 15 (60): 72-79 - get paper here
  • Lahony, S. R.; Khleifat, K.; Al-Tarawneh, K. A.; Abboud, M. M.; Al-Oran, R.M.; Al-Tarawneh, A. A.; Homady, M. H. 2002. Variations in five species of Jordanian reptiles with new record on the land tortoises Testudo floweri (Testudinidae: Chelonia). Pakistan Journal of Zoology 34 (1):43-50.
  • Lambert, M.R.K. 1969. Tortoise drain in Morocco. Oryx (10):161-166 - get paper here
  • Lambert, M.R.K. 1983. Some factors influencing the Moroccan distribution of the western Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise, Testudo graeca graeca L., and those precluding its survival in NW Europe. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. London. 79: 149-179. - get paper here
  • Lapparent de Broin, F. de 2001. The European turtle fauna from the Triassic to the present. Dumerilia 4: 155–216.
  • Leptien, R. 2009. Auf Exkursion in Marokkos Süden. Reptilia (Münster) 14 (75): 32-37 - get paper here
  • Leviton,A.E.; Anderson,S.C.; Adler, K.; Minton,S.A. 1992. Handbook to Middle East Amphibians and Reptiles. SSAR, Oxford, Ohio (Contr. to Herpetol. No. 8), 1-252
  • Lingen 1996. Haltung und Nachzucht der Maurischen Landschildkröte (Testudo graeca). Herpetofauna 18 (103): 13-16 - get paper here
  • Link, H.F. 1807. Beschreibung der Naturalien-Sammlung der Universität zu Rostock, zweite Abtheilung. Adlers Erben, Rostock, pp. 51-100 - get paper here
  • Linnaeus, C. [= Linné, C. von] 1758. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiæ. 10th Edition: 824 pp. - get paper here
  • Lourenço, João M.; Julien Claude, Nicolas Galtier, Ylenia Chiari 2011. Dating cryptodiran nodes: Origin and diversification of the turtle superfamily Testudinoidea. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62 (1): - get paper here
  • Loveridge, Arthur & Williams, Ernest E. 1957. Revision of the African Tortoises and Turtles of the Suborder Cryptodira. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 115 (6): 163-557 - get paper here
  • Luján, Àngel H.; Massimo Delfino, Josep M. Robles, andDavid M. Alba 2016. The Miocene tortoise Testudo catalaunica Bataller, 1926, and a revised phylogeny of extinct species of genus Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12414 - get paper here
  • Makridou, Konstantina; Charalambos Thoma, Dimitrios Bakaloudis, Christos Vlachos 2019. Sexual dimorphism of Testudo tortoises from an unstudied population in northeast Greece. Herpetology Notes 12: 229-233 - get paper here
  • Martin, W. 1831. Notes on the dissection of a female Testudo Graeca, L. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1831: 63-65
  • Martínez del Mármol, Gabriel; D. James Harris, Philippe Geniez, Philip de Pous, and Daniele Salvi 2019. Amphibians and Reptiles of Morocco. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 478 pp - get paper here
  • Mascort, Ramon. 2015. Bemerkungen zu Taxonomie, Verbreitung, Status, Verbreitung, Habitat, geografischer Variabilität, Biologie, Lebenweise und Schutz von Testudo graeca ibera Pallas, 1814 in Südosteuropa. Radiata 24 (3): 4-34
  • MAYER, R. 1988. Aktives Verhalten einer weiblichen Landschildkröte (Testudo graeca, LINNAEUS, 1758) bei der Paarung. Sauria 10 (2): 19-19 - get paper here
  • Mazanaeva L. F., Gichihanova U. A. 2018. On the Reduction of the Area and Abundance of the Greek Tortoise Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758 (Testudinidae, Reptilia) on the Primorsky Lowland of Dagestan and Problems of its Conservation. Current Studies in Herpetology 18 (3–4): 135 - get paper here
  • MAZANAEVA, L. F., AND U. A. GICHIKHANOVA 2020. Testudo graeca (Mediterranean Spur-Thighed Tortoise). Embryological Twinning. Herpetological Review 51: 585.
  • Meiri, Shai; Amos Belmaker, Daniel Berkowic, Kesem Kazes, Erez Maza, Guy Bar-Oz and Roi Dor 2019. A checklist of Israeli land vertebrates. Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution - get paper here
  • Mertens, R., and L. Müller. 1928. Liste der Amphibien und Reptilian Europas. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft. Frankfurt am Main. 41: 1-62.
  • Mertens,R. 1968. Über Reptilienbastarde IV. Senckenbergiana biologica 49 (1): 1-12
  • Messaoud, S., Mohamed, B., Abdeldjabar, N., Houria, B., Zohra, N., & Farouk, K. 2024. Herpetofauna of Belezma Biosphere Reserve, province of Batna, northeastern Algeria. Afr. J.Bio.Sc. 6(15) - get paper here
  • Mienis, H. K. 1979. Predation on Testudo graeca by the Little owl in Israel (Reptilia: Testudines: Testudinidae). Salamandra 15 (2): 107-108 - get paper here
  • Modrý, P., Rifai, L., Abu Baker, M. & Amr, Z. 2004. Amphibians and reptiles of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Denisia 14 (Neue Serie 2): 407-420 - get paper here
  • Moravec, J. & I. Orszagh 1998. Testudo graeca terrestris als Wirt von Leptoconops irritans (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Salamandra 34 (2): 181-182 - get paper here
  • Moreno, S. 1987. Crecimiento de Testudo graeca Amphibia-Reptilia, 8(2): 179-181. - get paper here
  • MOUDEN, EL HASSAN EL; EL MUSTAPHA LAGHZAOUI, OMAR AMAHMID & ABDELAZIZ ABBAD. 2021. Prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites in the vulnerable spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca) from the central-western of Morocco. Basic and Applied Herpetology. - get paper here
  • Müller, Johannes 1995. Fund von Testudo graeca ibera auf der Insel Samos (Ostägäis, Griechenland). Salamandra 31 (4): 243-244 - get paper here
  • NAUMOV, BORISLAV; NIKOLAY TZANKOV, KRASIMIR DONCHEV, BOYAN PETROV, ANDREI STOJANOV, GEORGI POPGEORGIEV, IVELIN MOLLOV, VLADIMIR BESHKOV 2016. The Herpetofauna (Amphibia and Reptilia) of Vrachanska Planina Mountains - Species Composition, Distribution and Conservation. In: Bechev, D. & Georgiev, D. (Eds.), Faunistic diversity of Vrachanski Balkan Nature Park. ZooNotes, Supplement 3, Plovdiv University Press, Plovdiv - get paper here
  • NAWAL, HICHAMI & MOHAMMED ZNARI. 2021. A management plan for a declining population of the Souss valley tortoise in an arid steppe-land of west-central Morocco. Basic and Applied Herpetology 35: 45–61. - get paper here
  • Nekrasova, O., Tytar, V., Pupins, M., Čeirāns, A., & Skute, A. 2021. GIS Modelling of the Distribution of Terrestrial Tortoise Species: Testudo graeca and Testudo hermanni (Testudines, Testudinidae) of Eastern Europe in the Context of Climate Change. Zoodiversity, 55 (5)
  • Nijman, Vincent and Daniel Bergin 2017. Trade in spur-thighed tortoises Testudo graeca in Morocco: volumes, value and variation between markets. Amphibia-Reptilia 38 (3): 275-287, DOI: 10.1163/15685381-00003109 - get paper here
  • Nikolsky, A. M. 1896. Diagnoses reptilium et amphibiorum novorum in Persia orientali a N. Zarudny collectorum. Annuaire Musée Zoologique de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg, 1:369-372. - get paper here
  • Nikolsky, A. M. 1897. Les reptiles, amphibiens et poissons recueillis (part.) Mr. N. Zaroudny dans la Perse orientale [in Russian]. Annuaire Musée Zoologique de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg 2: 306-348 - get paper here
  • Nöllert, A.; Nöllert, C. & Ritter, A. 1986. Einige Beobachtungen zur Herpetofauna der bulgarischen Schwarzmeerküste und Südwestbulgariens (Teil 2 - Die Reptilien). Herpetofauna 8 (44): 30-34 - get paper here
  • Özgül, C. N., & Gül, Ç. 2024. Mapping of Amphibian and Reptile species living in Bozcaada (Tenedos) Island, Türkiye, according to habitat and environ-mental changes. Biodiversity Journal 15 (1): 3–18 - get paper here
  • Parham, James F.; Macey, J. Robert; Papenfuss, Theodore J.; Feldman, Chris R.; Turkozan, Oguz; Polymeni, Rosa; Boore, Jeffrey 2006. The phylogeny of Mediterranean tortoises and their close relatives based on complete mitochondrial genome sequences from museum specimens. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38(1):50-64 [2005] - get paper here
  • Parham, James F.; Oguz Türkozan; Bryan L. Stuart; Marine Arakelyan; Soheila Shafei; J. Robert Macey; Yehudah L. Werner and Theodore J. Papenfuss 2006. Genetic Evidence for Premature Taxonomic Inflation in Middle Eastern Tortoises. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 57 (3): 955-964 - get paper here
  • Peräla, J. 2002. Morphological variation among Middle Eastern Testudo graeca L., 1758 (sensu lato) with a focus on taxonomy. Chelonii 3:78-108 [ed. by B. Fertard and B. Culorier. Actes du Congrès International sur le genre Testudo - 7 au 10 Mars 2001,vol. 3: 78-108 pp. Editions SOPTOM, Gonfaron, France]
  • Peräla, J. & Bour, R. 2004. Neotype of Testudo terrestris Forsskal, 1775 (Testudines, Testudinidae). Asiatic Herpetological Research 10: 114-119 - get paper here
  • Perälä, Jarmo 2001. Testudo buxtoni Boulenger, 1920 - holotyyppi. [The holotype of Testudo buxtoni Boulenger, 1920]. Herpetomania 10 (3-4):12-15.
  • Perälä, Jarmo 2004. TORTOISE SYSTEMATICS: A CRITIQUE OF A RECENT PAPER BY VAN DER KUYL ET AL. (2002). The Herpetological Journal 14: 51-53 - get paper here
  • Perälä,J. 1996. [Turtles of southern Turkey. Morphological and ecological differences (Testudo ibera Pallas 1841 & Testudo ibera anamurensis Weissinger 1987) and the description of a new turtle species] (in Finnish). Herpetokongressi I, Helsinki, Appendix: 14-26
  • Petrov B. P., N. Tzankov, H. Strijbosch, G. Popgeorgiev, V. Beshkov 2006. The herpetofauna (Amphibia and Reptilia) of the Western Rhodopes mountain (Bulgaria and Greece). In: Beron P. (ed.). Biodiversity of Bulgaria. 3. Biodiversity of Western Rhodopes (Bulgaria and Greece) I. Pensoft & Nat. Mus. Natur. Hist., Sofia, pp. 863-912
  • Pieau C. 1998. Temperature-dependent sex determination in Emys orbicularis: laboratory and field studies. Mertensiella 10: 199-207
  • Pieh, A. 2000. Testudo graeca soussensis, eine neue Unterart der Maurischen Landschildkröte aus dem Sousstal (Südwest-Marokko). Salamandra 36 (4): 209-222 - get paper here
  • Pieh, A. 2000. Arten und Unterarten der Landschildkröten des Mittelmeergebietes. Draco 1 (2): 4-17 - get paper here
  • Pieh, A. & Perälä, J. 2004. Variabilität der Maurischen Landschildkröten (Testudo graeca LINNAEUS, 1758- Komplex) im zentralen and und nordwestlichen Marokko mit Beschreibung zweier neuer taxa. Herpetozoa 17 (1-2): 19-47 - get paper here
  • Pieh, A. & Philippen, H.D. 2007. Mediterrane Landschildkröten. Draco 8 (32): 4-34 - get paper here
  • Pieh, A., U. Fritz & R. Berglas 2002. New data on morphology, distribution and nomenclature of Testudo graeca armeniaca Chkhikvadze & Bakradze, 1991. Faun.Abh. Mus. Tierkde. Dresden 22 (21): 329-345 - get paper here
  • Pieh, A.; Taskavak, E.; Reimann, M. 2002. Remarks on the variability of the spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca) in Turkey. Chelonii 3:67-71.
  • Pieh, Alexander and Jarmo Perälä 2001. Eine ungewöhnliche Landschildkröte des Testudo graeca - Komplexes aus Krasnowodsk (Turkmenien) (Testudines: Testudinidae). Herpetozoa 14 (1/2):65-73. - get paper here
  • Pieh, Alexander and Jarmo Perälä 2002. Variabilität von Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758 im östlichen Nordafrika mit Beschreibung eines neuen Taxons von Cyrenaika (Nordostibyen) [Variation among Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758 in eastern North Africa, with a description of a new taxon from Cyrenaica (North-East Libya)]. Herpetozoa 15 (1/2):3-28 - get paper here
  • Pieh, Alexander and Jarmo Perälä 2002. Addenda/Corrigenda: Eine ungewöhnliche Landschildkröte des Testudo graeca - Komplexes aus Krasnowodsk (Turkmenien). Herpetozoa 14(1/2):65-73. Herpetozoa 14 (3/4):173. - get paper here
  • Pinya, Samuel and Miguel A. Carretero. 2011. The Balearic herpetofauna: a species update and review on the evidence. Acta Herpetologica 6 (1): 59-80 - get paper here
  • Plaitano, Annalisa & Marco A. L. Zuffi 2007. Similarities and differences in adult tortoises: a morphological approach and its implication for reproduction and mobility between species. Acta Herpetologica 2 (2): 79-86
  • Pola, L., Hejduk, V., Winkelhöfer, T., Zíka, A., Baker, M. A. A., & Amr, Z. S. 2020. Recent Observations on Amphibians and Reptiles in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Jordan Journal of Natural History, 7: 11-29 - get paper here
  • Poterala, Stephen F.; Paul Rattay, Aaron S. Johnson, Murad S.A. Buijlayyil, Askin Kiraz, Ahmad M.S. Ajaj 2024. Testudo graeca tripolitania, a new taxon of spur-thighed tortoise found in Libya at risk of exploitation for the international pet trade. Basic and Applied Herpetology - get paper here
  • RALEV, A. & POPOVIC, M. & RUŽIC, M. & SHURULINKOV, P. & DASKALOVA, G. & SPASOV, L. & CRNOBRNJA-ISAILOVIC, J. 2012. A new record of Testudo graeca ibera PALLAS, 1814, in southern Serbia [Short Note]. Herpetozoa 25 (3/4): 151-153 - get paper here
  • RASTEGAR-POUYANI, NASRULLAH; HAJI GHOLI KAMI, MEHDI RAJABZADEH, SOHEILA SHAFIEI AND STEVEN CLEMENT ANDERSON 2008. Annotated Checklist of Amphibians and Reptiles of Iran. Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics 4 (1): 7-30
  • Rezazadeh, Elham; Ramin Mohammadi Alucheh and Haji Gholi Kami. 2014. A preliminary study on the Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758 from northwestern Iran. Herpetology Notes 7: 127-133 - get paper here
  • Rodríguez-Caro, Roberto; Eva Graciá, Renata Morais Dos Santos, José D. Anadón, Andrés Gimenez 2015. One scute ring per year in Testudo graeca? A novel method to identify ring deposition patterns in tortoises. Acta Herpetologica 10 (2): 77-84 - get paper here
  • Rogner, M. 2006. Die tunesische Landschildkröte. Terraria 1 (1): 54-58
  • Rogner, M. 2013. Eine verhängnisvolle Affäre. Reptilia (Münster) 18 (102): 44-47 - get paper here
  • Romanova E. B., Bakiev A. G., Gorelov R. A. 2024. Adaptive blood reactions of Testudo graeca nikolskii Ckhikvadze et Tuniyev, 1986 (Testudinidae, Reptilia) Current Studies in Herpetology 24 (3-4): 163 - get paper here
  • Rouag R, Ziane N, De Sousa M 2024. A tentative list of reptilian fauna of Algeria and their conservation status. Biodiversity Data Journal 12: e120471 - get paper here
  • Sacchi, Roberto; Daniele Pellitteri-Rosa, Manuela Marchesi, Paolo Galeotti, and Mauro Fasola 2013. A Comparison among Sexual Signals in Courtship of European Tortoises. Journal of Herpetology Jun 2013, Vol. 47, No. 2: 215-221. - get paper here
  • Salvi, Daniele; Pierluigi Bombi 2010. Reptiles of Sardinia: updating the knowledge on their distribution. Acta Herpetologica 5 (2): 161-178 - get paper here
  • Schleich, H.H. 1987. Contributions to the herpetology of Kouf National Park (NE-Libya) and adjacent areas. Spixiana 10 (1): 37-80. - get paper here
  • Schleich, H.H., Kästle,W., Kabisch, K. 1996. Amphibians and Reptiles of North Africa. Koeltz, Koenigstein, 627 pp.
  • Schlüter, A. & Hallermann, J. 1997. The Type Specimens in the Herpetological Collection of the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde in Stuttgart. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturk. Ser. A (553): 1-15 - get paper here
  • Schlüter, U. 2005. Die Herpetofauna der bulgarischen Schwarzmeerküste - Teil 1: Naturraum und Schildkröten. Elaphe 13 (3): 48-56
  • Schlüter, U. 2005. Die Herpetofauna des Comorova-Waldes in Rumänien. Elaphe 13 (1): 57-62
  • Schlüter, U. 2009. Sousstal-Landschildkröte (Testudo graeca soussensis) im natürlichen Habitat. Reptilia (Münster) 14 (78): 74-78 - get paper here
  • Schmidt,K.P. 1939. Reptiles and amphibians from Southwestern Asia. Publ. Field Mus. nat. Hist., zool. Ser., 24: 49-92 - get paper here
  • Schneider,B. 1986. Zur Herpetofauna der Insel Limnos (Hellespontische Inseln, Nordägäis, Griechenland). Salamandra 22 (4): 276-280 - get paper here
  • Schweiger, Mario; Richard Gemel 2020. Where do you come from, stranger? A scientific- historical digression with discussion on nomenclature and taxonomy of Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758. Herpetozoa 33: 31–38 - get paper here
  • Segura, Amalia; Andreu Rotger & Roberto C. Rodríguez-Caro 2025. Hidden Threats to Persistence: Changes in Population Structure Can Affect Well-Preserved Spur-Thighed Tortoise Populations Herpetologica Mar 2025 Vol. 81, No. 1: 23-33 - get paper here
  • Semaha, Mohamed Jaouhar, Roberto C. Rodríguez-Caro, Soumia Fahd, Andrea Mira-Jover, Andrés Giménez & Eva Graciá. 2024. Body size variation in a lineage of spur-thighed tortoises (Testudo graeca whitei) contrasts with that expected from the species level. Amphibia-Reptilia 45(2): 131–145. - get paper here
  • Siebenrock, F. 1905. Schildkröten. In: Ergebnisse einer naturwissenschaftlichen Reise zum Erdschias-Dagh in Kleinasien. Ausgeführt von Dr. Penther und Dr. E. Zederbauer. Ann. K.K. Hofmuseums Wien 20: 309-310 - get paper here
  • Siebenrock, F. 1913. Schildkröten aus Syrien und Mesopotamien. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 27: 171-225 - get paper here
  • Sindaco, R. & Jeremcenko, V.K. 2008. The reptiles of the Western Palearctic. Edizioni Belvedere, Latina (Italy), 579 pp. - get paper here
  • Sindaco, Roberto; Alberto Venchi, Giuseppe M. Carpaneto, Marco A. Bologna 2000. The Reptiles of Anatolia: a Checklist and Zoogeographical analysis. Biogeographia, 21-2000: 441-554. - get paper here
  • Sonnini de Manoncourt, C.S. and Latreille, P.A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle des Reptiles, avec Figures Dessinees d'Apres Nature. 3. Paris, Librairie encyclopédique de Roret, 332 pp. - get paper here
  • Sos, T. 2008. Review of recent taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in European Amphibia and Reptilia related to Romanian herpetofauna. Herpetologica Romanica 2: 61-91
  • Spawls, Stephen; Tomáš Mazuch & Abubakr Mohammad 2023. Handbook of Amphibians and Reptiles of North-east Africa. Bloomsbury, 640 pp. - get paper here
  • Stemmler-Gyger,O. 1963. Ein Beitrag zur Brutbiologie der mediterranen Landschildkröten. Aquar. Terr. Z. (Stuttgart) 16: 180-183
  • Stemmler-Gyger,O. 1964. Zur Brutbiologie der mediterranen Landschildkröten (II(). Aquaria (Neuhausen) 11: 164-169 - get paper here
  • Stemmler-Gyger,O. 1964. Zur Brutbiologie der mediterranen Landschildkröten (II). Aqua Terra (Biberist) 1 (9): 65-68 - get paper here
  • Stoev, Pavel 2000. On the distribution, biology and ecology of amphibians and reptiles in the Derventski Heights and the Sakar Mountain, South-East Bulgaria Hist. Nat. Bulgarica 12: 59–69 - get paper here
  • Strauch, A. 1862. Chelonogische Studien, mit besonderer Bezeichung auf die Schildkrötensammlung der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu St. Petersburg. Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg, Série 7(5): 1-196
  • Szczerbak, N.N. 2003. Guide to the Reptiles of the Eastern Palearctic. Krieger, Malabar, FL, 260 pp. - get paper here
  • Taskavak, E.; Turkozan, O.; Kumlutas, Y. 2002. Some investigations on the taxonomic status of Testudo graeca from the Aegean and Mediterranean Regions of Turkey. Proceedings of the International Congress on Testudo Genus. Chelonii 3:72-77
  • Thieme, U. 1986. Die Amphibien - und Reptilienfauna der südost - bulgarischen Küste, Teil 3: Reptilien 2. Sauria 8 (1): 7-9 - get paper here
  • TIAR, G., ROUAG, R., FERRAH, C., ZIANE, N., BENYACOUB, S. & LUISELLI, L. 2009. Prevalence of Hemolivia mauritanica (Apicomplexa: Adeleina) in the blood of an Algerian population of the spur-thighed tortoise, Testudo graeca. African Herp News (50): 14-21 - get paper here
  • Tok, C.V. 1999. The Taxonomy and Ecology of Mauremys caspica rivulata Valenciennes, 1833 (Testudinata: Bataguridae) and Testudo graeca ibera Pallas, 1811 (Testudinata: Testudinidae) on Resadiye (Datça) Peninsula. Tr. J. Zool. 23 (1): 17-21
  • Tomovic, L., R. Ajtiv and S. Antic 2004. Records of Testudo graeca ibera Pallas, 1814 in Serbia and Montenegro. Herpetozoa 17 (3/4):189-191 - get paper here
  • TOSONOGLU, M. & GÜL, Ç. & UYSAL, I. 2009. The herpetofauna of Tenedos (Bozcaada, Turkey) [Short Note]. Herpetozoa 22: - get paper here
  • Trapp, B. 2007. Reptilien und Amphibien des griechischen Festlandes. Natur und Tier Verlag (Münster), 300 pp. - get paper here
  • Trommer, W. 2009. Die Iberische Landschildkröte Testudo graeca ibera. Natur und Tier Verlag, Münster, 64 pp. - get paper here
  • Trommer, Wenke. 2013. Haltung der Maurischen Landschildkröte, Testudo graeca ibera. Schildkröten im Fokus 10 (1): 3-18
  • Trutnau, L. 1975. Europäische Amphibien und Reptilien. Belser Verlag, Stuttgart 212 pp.
  • TTWG; Anders G.J. Rhodin, John B. iverson, Roger Bour, Uwe Fritz, Arthur GeoRges, H. BRadley Shaffer, and Peter Paul van Dijk 2017. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Pritchard, P.C.H., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 7:1–292. doi: 10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017 - get paper here
  • TTWG; Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R., Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., and van Dijk, P.P. 2021. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (9th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 8:1–472. doi:10.3854/crm.8.checklist.atlas.v9.2021. - get paper here
  • Tuniyev B.S., Tuniyev S.B., Avcı A., Ilgaz Ç. 2014. Herpetological studies in Eastern and North-Eastern Turkey. Current Studies in Herpetology 14 (1/2): 44–53. Резюме - get paper here
  • Tuniyev, B. S. 1995. On the Mediterranean influence on the formation of herpetofauna of Caucasian Isthmus and its main xerophylous refugia. Russ. J. Herpetol. 2 (2): 95-119 - get paper here
  • Tuniyev, B.S. 1990. On the Independence of the Colchis Center of Amphibian and Reptile Speciation. Asiatic Herpetological Research 3: 67-84 - get paper here
  • Türkozan, O. and K. Olgun. 2005. A Preliminary Survey of Testudo graeca Linnaeus 1758 Specimens from Central Anatolia, Turkey. Turk J Zool 29: 255-262
  • Türkozan, O.; Kumlutas, Y.; Arikan, H.; Ilgaz, C.; Avci, A. 2003. Morphological and serological comparison of Mediterranean spur-thighed Tortoises, Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758 from the Aegean region and south-eastern Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East 29:41-50 - get paper here
  • Turkozan, O.; Kumlutas, Y.; Durmus, H. 2004. Comparative morphology of three populations of Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758 from the Western Taurus Mountains, Turkey. Russ. J. Herpetol. 11(1):12-20. - get paper here
  • Türkozan, O; Olgun, K. Taskavak, E & Kiremit, F. 2004. On the occurence of the Zagros Mountain tortoise, Testudo perses PERÄLÄ 2002 in Turkey. Russ. J. Herpetol. 11 (2): 150-152 - get paper here
  • Türkozan, Oğuz; Adem Özdemir, and Ferhat Kiremit 2008. International Testudo Trade. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 7(2): 269 - get paper here
  • Turkozan, Oguz; Ferhat Kiremit, Brian R. Lavin, Fevzi Bardakcı & James F. Parham 2018. Morphological and mitochondrial variation of spur-thighed tortoises, Testudo graeca, in Turkey. The Herpetological Journal 28 (1): 1-9 - get paper here
  • Türkozan, Oğuz; Ferhat Kiremit, Ertan Taşkavak, Kurtuluş Olgun 2005. Status, distribution, and population structure of land tortoises in European Thrace and northwestern Anatolia. Russ. J. Herpetol. 12 (3): 187-194. - get paper here
  • Türkozan, Oğuz; Kiremit, Ferhat; Parham, James F.; Olgun, Kurtuluş; Taşkavak, Ertan 2010. A quantitative reassessment of morphology-based taxonomic schemes for Turkish tortoises (Testudo graeca). Amphibia-Reptilia 31: 69-83 - get paper here
  • Türkozon, O., F. Kiremit, J.F. Parham, K. Olgun & E. Taskavak 2010. A quantitative reassessment of morphology-based taxonomic schemes for Turkish tortoises (Testudo graeca) Amphibia-Reptilia, 31(1): 69-83. - get paper here
  • Valverde, J. 2005. Afrikanische Landschildkröten. Reptilia (Münster) 10 (56): 18-25 - get paper here
  • Valverde, J. 2005. African Tortoises. Reptilia (GB) (43): 12-20 - get paper here
  • Vamberger, Melita; Corti, Claudia; Stuckas, Heiko; Fritz, Uwe 2011. Is the imperilled spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca) native in Sardinia? Implications from population genetics and for conservation. Amphibia-Reptilia 32 (1): 9-25 - get paper here
  • van der Kuyl , Antoinette C; Donato L P Ballasina and Fokla Zorgdrager 2005. Mitochondrial haplotype diversity in the tortoise species Testudo graeca from North Africa and the Middle East. BMC Evolutionary Biology 5:29 - get paper here
  • van der Kuyl, Antoinette C.; Donato L. Ph. Ballasina, John T. Dekker, Jolanda Maas, Ronald E. Willemsen and Jaap Goudsmit 2002. Phylogenetic Relationships among the Species of the Genus Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial 12S rRNA Gene Sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 22: 174-183 - get paper here
  • Vetter, H. 2002. Turtles of the world, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and Western Asia. Edition Chimaira, Terralog 1, 96 pp. - get paper here
  • Vlachos, E. and Rabi, M. 2018. Total evidence analysis and body size evolution of extant and extinct tortoises (Testudines: Cryptodira: Pan-Testudinidae). Cladistics 34: 652–683, doi:10.1111/cla.12227 - get paper here
  • Vlad, Sabina E., Florina Stănescu & Dan Cogălniceanu. 2024. Age estimation in tortoises: an evaluation of methods for the spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca). Amphibia-Reptilia 45(3): 265–277. - get paper here
  • Vlad, Sabina E.; Theodor-Sebastian Topliceanu, Dan Cogălniceanu 2020. The impact of mowing management on a Testudo graeca population within a strictly protected area. Herpetology Notes 13: 523-525 - get paper here
  • Weissinger, H. 1987. Testudo graeca anamurensis ssp. nov. aus Kleinasien. ÖGH-Nachr., Wien 10/11:14-18
  • Weissinger, H. 2000. Translation: Testudo graeca anamurensis ssp. nov. from Asia Minor. Asiatic Herpetological Research 9: 145-148 - get paper here
  • Wermuth, H. 1958. Status und Nomenklatur der Maurischen Landschildkröte, Testudo graeca, in SW-Asien und NO-Afrika. Senckenbergiana Biologica 39: 149-153.
  • Werner Y L 1985. Spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca) withou thigh spurs. nan
  • Werner, F. 1899. Beiträge zur Herpetologie der pacifischen Inselwelt und von Kleinasien. I. Bemerkungen über einige Reptilien aus Neu-Guinea und Polynesien. II. Über einige Reptilien und Batrachier aus Kleinasien. Zool. Anz. 22: 371-375, 375-378 - get paper here
  • Werner, Y.L. 2009. How not to write in defense of threatened tortoises. Journal of Threatened Taxa 1 (9): 471-473 - get paper here
  • Werner, Yehudah L.;Nuphar Korolker, Guy Sion andBayram Göçmen 2015. Bergmann's and Rensch's rules and the spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, DOI: 10.1111/bij.12717 - get paper here
  • Wilson, D.S. et al. 2003. Estimating age of turtles from growth rings: a critical evaluation of the technique. Herpetologica 59 (2): 178-194 - get paper here
  • Wirth, M. 2013. Das Schildkrötenjahr - Freilandbiologie und Haltung europäischer Landschildkröten über den Jahresverlauf. Natur und Tier Verlag, Münster, 279 pp. - get paper here
  • Wirth, Michael 2010. Der Mittelmeerraum – Landschaften und Herpetofauna in Südeuropa. Draco 11 (42): 4-23
  • Wirth, Michael 2013. Vorbild Natur: Die Ernährung europäischer Landschildkröten im natürlichen Lebensraum. Draco 13 (54): 6-19 - get paper here
  • Wirth, Michael 2013. Heu in der Schildkrötenernährung – wertvoll und lebensnotwendig. Draco 13 (54): 54-66 - get paper here
  • Wirth, Michael 2013. Überwinterung europäischer Landschildkröten - naturnah oder kontrolliert? Draco 14 (55): 66-73 - get paper here
  • Wirth, Michael 2013. Schildkrötenernährung, aber artgerecht – eine Praxisanleitung. Draco 13 (54): 20-29 - get paper here
  • Zadhoush, B., Rajabizadeh, M., Azizi, M., & Faizi, H. 2023. Sexual Dimorphism in Testudo graeca zarudnyi (Testudines: Testudinidae) from Yazd Province, Central Iran. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 30(6), 493-501 - get paper here
  • Znari,M.; D.J. Germano; J.-C. Macé 2005. Growth and population structure of the Moorish Tortoise (Testudo graeca graeca) in Westcentral Morocco: possible effects of over-collecting for the tourist trade. Journal of Arid Environments 62: 55–74 - get paper here
 
External links  
Is it interesting? Share with others:

As link to this species use URL address:

https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Testudo&species=graeca

without field 'search_param'. Field 'search_param' is used for browsing search result.



Please submit feedback about this entry to the curator