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Toenayar novemcarinata (ANDERSON, 1871)

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Higher TaxaScincidae, Mabuyinae (Mabuyini), Scincoidea, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Anderson's Mabuya, Nine-keeled Sun Skink
G: Neunkiel-Mabuye 
SynonymEuprepes novem-carinatus ANDERSON 1871: 12
Mabuya novemcarinata — BOULENGER 1887: 179
Mabuia doriae BOULENGER 1887 (fide SMITH 1935)
Mabuya novemcarinata — SMITH 1935: 261
Mabuya novemcarinata — TAYLOR 1963: 941
Mabuya novemcarinata — ZUG et al. 1998
Eutropis novemcarinata — MAUSFELD et al. 2002
Eutropis novemcarinata — GRISMER 2011: 579
Toenayar novemcarinata — KARIN et al. 2016 
DistributionSunda Region, India, Thailand, Burma (= Myanmar), Peninsular Malaysia

Type locality: “Mandalay, Upper Burmah” [= Burma]  
Reproductionoviparous (phylogenetic imputation, fide Zimin et al. 2022) 
TypesHolotype: ZSI (fide Smith 1935), where it cannot be located at present (Das et al. 1998)
Holotype: BMNH 1882.10.3.7 [doriae] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (3707 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentDistribution: Not listed for India by DAS 1996 but by DAS 1997, 2003. Occurrence in India is questionable as there are no known/published records. This species has not been seen on Penang island since the report of Flower 1896.

Type species: Euprepes novemcarinatus ANDERSON 1871: 12 is the type species of the genus Toenayar KARIN et al. 2016. 
EtymologyThe genus name comes from the mythology of Myanmar, in which the Toenayar (Pronunciation: ‘‘Toh-Ay-Nah-Yar”), from the Burmese language, is a mythical Dragon or serpent with four legs. The Burmese language has no grammatical gender, but we treat the scientific name, Toenayar, as feminine. 
References
  • Anderson, J. 1871. A list of the reptilian accession to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from 1865 to 1870, with a description of some new species. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Calcutta, 40, part 11(1): 12-39. - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G. A. 1887. Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) III. Lacertidae, Gerrhosauridae, Scincidae, Anelytropsidae, Dibamidae, Chamaeleontidae. London: 575 pp. - get paper here
  • Boulenger, George A. 1890. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. Taylor & Francis, London, xviii, 541 pp. - get paper here
  • Chan-ard, T., Parr, J.W.K. & Nabhitabhata, J. 2015. A field guide to the reptiles of Thailand. Oxford University Press, NY, 352 pp. [see book reviews by Pauwels & Grismer 2015 and Hikida 2015 for corrections] - get paper here
  • Das, I. 1997. Checklist of the reptiles of India with English common names. Hamadryad 22 (1): 32-45 - get paper here
  • Das, Indraneil 2003. Growth of Knowledge on the Reptiles of India, with an Introduction to Systematics, Taxonomy and Nomenclature. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 100 (2-3): 446-502 - get paper here
  • Das,I. 1996. Biogeography of the Reptiles of South Asia. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida
  • GRISMER, L. LEE; & EVAN S. H. QUAH 2019. An updated and annotated checklist of the lizards of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, and their adjacent archipelagos. Zootaxa 4545 (2): 230–248 - get paper here
  • Grismer, L.L. 2011. Lizards of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and their adjacent archipelagos. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, 728 pp. [review in Herp. Rev. 43: 155] - get paper here
  • Karin, B.R., Metallinou, M., Weinell, J.L., Jackman, T.R., Bauer, A.M. 2016. Resolving the higher-order phylogenetic relationships of the circumtropical Mabuya group (Squamata: Scincidae): An out-of-Asia diversification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 102: 220–232 - get paper here
  • Smith, M.A. 1935. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Reptiles and Amphibia, Vol. II. Sauria. Taylor and Francis, London, 440 pp.
  • Taylor, E.H. 1963. The lizards of Thailand. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 44: 687-1077. - get paper here
  • Zimin, A., Zimin, S. V., Shine, R., Avila, L., Bauer, A., Böhm, M., Brown, R., Barki, G., de Oliveira Caetano, G. H., Castro Herrera, F., Chapple, D. G., Chirio, L., Colli, G. R., Doan, T. M., Glaw, F., Grismer, L. L., Itescu, Y., Kraus, F., LeBreton 2022. A global analysis of viviparity in squamates highlights its prevalence in cold climates. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 00, 1–16 - get paper here
  • Zug, George R.;Win, Htun;Thin, Thin;Min, Than Zaw;Lhon, Win Zaw;Kyaw, Kyaw 1998. Herpetofauna of the Chatthin Wildlife Sanctuary, north-central Myanmar with preliminary observations of their Natural History. Hamadryad 23 (2): 111-120 - get paper here
 
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