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Toxicocalamus nymani (LÖNNBERG, 1900)

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Higher TaxaElapidae (Hydrophiinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Loria forest snake 
SynonymPseudapistocalamus nymani LÖNNBERG 1900
Apisthocalamus nymani — BOULENGER 1908
Pseudapisthocalamus nymani – BOULENGER 1908: 249
Pseudapistocalamus nymani – DE ROOIJ 1917: 263
Pseudapistocalamus nymani — WERNER 1924: 45
Pseudapistocalamus nymanni – KLEMMER 1963: 328.
Apistocalamus pratti – MCDOWELL 1967: 537 (part)
Toxicocalamus nymani — KRAUS et al. 2022: 1011 
DistributionPapua New Guinea (southern versant of the Owen Stanley Range of Papua New Guinea, from Tapini, Central Province, in the north to Mt. Dayman, Milne Bay Province, in the south, at elevations from 620–1530 m; elevation ~4000 feet).

Type locality: Morobe Province: Sattelberg  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: BMNH 1946.1.14.54, collected by Erik Nyman in 1899. 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: “A modestly sized member of the T. loriae Group (maximum SVL in males 422 mm, in females 540 mm) with the following unique combination of characters: two scales covering vent; three infralabials contacting anterior genial; posterior genials entirely separated (45%) by a single intergenial or in anterior (53%) or entire (2%) contact with each other; intergenial usually widest posteriorly or centrally. Preocular approximately as long as wide and never twice as long as wide, usually contacting nasal (94%), not contacting internasal; one (4%) or two (96%) postoculars; one (1%), two (69%), three (27%), four (1%), or five (1%) posterior temporals; 178–198 ventrals in 18 males, 191–210 in 22 females, sexually dimorphic with overlap (t37 = 4.9581, p < 0.00001); 39–48 subcaudals in males, 26–37 in females, sexually dimorphic without overlap; SCR 17.5–20.7% in males, 11.6–15.8% in females, sexually dimorphic without overlap; yellow nuchal collar and yellow markings on prefrontals absent (48%), small or vaguely developed (7%), or present (45%); tail spine paler than remainder of tail; venter uniformly dark brown or dark brown with the posterior of each ventral paler brown or yellowish brown, giving a banded appearance (reported as “blackish brown, edged with light grey” within one year of preservation; Lönnberg 1900).” (Kraus et al. 2022: 1012)


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CommentHabitat: fossorial (digging)

Behavior: diurnal

Venomous!

Type species: Apistocalamus loriae BOULENGER 1898 is the type species of the genus Apistocalamus BOULENGER 1898: 705.

Conservation status: least concern; this is the most common Toxicocalamus species with 66% of all museum specimens belonging to this species. However, O’Shea et al. 2015 believes that this variable species represents a species complex.

Taxonomy: Strickland et al. (2016) document at least five undescribed species that all key morphologically to Toxicocalamus loriae. 
EtymologyNamed after Swedish botanist Erik Nyman (1866–1900), the collector of the holotype. 
References
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1908. Description of a new elapine snake of the genus Apisthocalamus, Blg., from New Guinea. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 1 (3): 248-249. - get paper here
  • de Rooij, N. DE 1917. The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Il. Ophidia. Leiden (E. J. Brill), xiv + 334 S. - get paper here
  • Klemmer,K. 1963. Liste der rezenten Giftschlangen. Elapidae, Hydropheidae [sic], Viperidae und Crotalidae. In: Die Giftschlangen der Erde. Behringwerk-Mitteilungen, spec. Suppl., Marburg.
  • Kraus, F., Kaiser, H., & O’Shea, M. 2022. Hidden diversity in semi-fossorial Melanesian forest snakes: A revision of the Toxicocalamus loriae complex (Squamata, Elapidae) from New Guinea. Vertebrate Zoology, 72, 997-1034 - get paper here
  • Lönnberg E 1900. Reptiles and batrachians collected in German New Guinea by the late Dr Erik Nyman. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 6: 574–582 - get paper here
  • McDowell, Samuel B. 1969. Toxicocalamus, a New Guinea genus of snakes of the family Elapidae. Journal of Zoology, London 159: 443-511 - get paper here
  • McDowell, Samuel B.;Cogger, Harold G. 1967. Aspidomorphus, a genus of New Guinea snakes of the family Elapidae, with notes on related genera. Journal of Zoology, London 151: 497-543 - get paper here
  • Werner, F. 1924. Neue oder wenig bekannte Schlangen aus dem Naturhistorischen Staatsmuseum in Wien. l. Teil. Sitzungsb. Ber. Akad. Wiss., Wien, Abt. l, 133: 29 - 56 - get paper here
 
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