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Trimeresurus hageni (LIDTH DE JEUDE, 1886)

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Higher TaxaViperidae, Crotalinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Indonesian Pit Viper, Hagen’s (green) pitviper
G: Hagens Bambusotter 
SynonymBothrops hageni LIDTH DE JEUDE 1886: 54
Bothrops hageni — HAGEN 1890
Lachesis hageni — LIDTH DE JEUDE 1922
Trimeresurus hageni — BRONGERSMA 1933
Trimeresurus erythrurus var. ? (nec Trigonocephalus erythrurus CANTOR 1839) — MÜLLER 1887
Lachesis sumatranus (nec Coluber sumatranus RAFFLES 1822) — BOULENGER 1896
Trimeresurus sumatranus (RAFFLES 1822) (partim) — TAYLOR 1965
Trimeresurus hageni — GRANDISON 1972: 93
Trimeresurus hageni — WELCH 1994: 115
Trimeresurus hageni — MANTHEY & GROSSMANN 1997: 408
Trimeresurus hageni — COX et al. 1998: 22
Trimeresurus hageni — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 335
Parias hageni — MALHOTRA & THORPE 2004
Trimeresurus (Parias) hageni — DAVID et al. 2011
Parias hageni — WALLACH et al. 2014: 538
Parias hageni — CHAN-ARD et al. 2015: 290
Parias hageni — GUO et al. 2018
Trimeresurus (Parias) hageni — MIRZA et al. 2023 
DistributionIndonesia (Sumatra: Aceh, North Sumatra =Sumatera Utara, West Sumatra = Sumatera Barat, Bengkulu, South Sumatra = Sumatera Selatan; probably also in Jambi Province; Bangka Island; Simpang), Federation of Malaysia (West Malaysia: Kedah, Kelantan, Kuala Lumpur, Perak, Selangor, Johor, Negri Sembilan and Pahang),
S Thailand (Phang-nga, Krabi, Surat Thani, Songkhla, Satun, Trang, Yala), Singapore ?

Type locality: Sumatra and the island of Banka. [= Bangka]  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesLectotype: RMNH 819, designated by Brongersma (1933:7). Other syntypes: RMNH, 8 from Sumatra and 1 from Bangka. Brongersma (1933:7) indicated that all Sumatra specimens were from Deli (RMNH 819 (1); RMNH 5587 (6); RMNH 4985 (1)); apparently he did not examine the syntype from the island of Bangka. Golay et al. (1993: 100) listed RMNH 819, 4985, and 17191 as types; perhaps the island of Bangka specimen is RMNH 17191.
Other speciemens: BMNH 89.12.26.20, District of Deli, now Medan; BMNH 93.6.5.11, East coast of Sumatra; MNHN 1880.0042, Sumatra; MZB.OPHI 1740, Padang Bukit Sebelah; MZB.OPHI 1892a–b, Ketambe, Aceh Tenggara; MZB.OPHI 1898, Aceh Barut; MZB.OPHI 2886a–b, Kembang Manis, Bengkulu; MZB.OPHI 3716, Kubu Perahu, Lampung; NHMB 5108, Palembang, South Sumatra; NHMB 9423, Sumatra; NMW 23909:1–2, Medan; NMW 23909:3, Deli; NMW 28150:1–3; Padang; NMW 28155:3, Medan; RMNH 5587A, Deli; RMNH RENA 819 (lectotype), ―Deli‖, now Medan; ZFMK 32508, Sumatra; ZMB 15884, Sukuranda, Oberer Langkat, O-Sumatra; ZMB 29642, Padang; ZMB 32193a, b, Sumatra; ZMB 62699, Aceh; ZMB 66176, Bengkulu province; ZMH R06937, Serdang; ZSM 109/1927, Goenoeng Rintels, S. Deli; ZSM 202–1979a, Lau Rakit, near Deli; ZSM 202–1979b, Gunoeng Rinteh. Bangka Island. RMNH 4697, Bangka; ZSM 365/1907 (4), ZSM 365/1908 (1–3) Simpang, Bangka. SINGAPORE. BMNH 80.9.10.6, Singapore. MALAYSIA. West Malaysia. BMNH 1936.9.12.5, ―Kualla Taku, Malay Penin.‖; BMNH 1936.9.91, Perak; BMNH 1967.2290–1, Gunong Benom; CAS 16831, Silensing, Pahang; MNHN 1899.0269, Peninsular Malaysia; MNHN 1974.0044, Kuala Lumpur; MNHN 2002.0406, West Malaysia; NMW 28158:1–2, Kedah; PSGV 393, Kuala Lumpur; SMF 64464– 5, Perak; ZFMK 16680, Yombak; ZFMK 68522, north of Kuala Lumpur; ZMB 70235, Kepong, Selangor; ZRC 2.2928, Tasik Bera, Pahang; ZRC 2.2930, Tembeling, Pahang; ZRC 2.2932, Bukit Lagong Forest, Selangor; ZRC 2.2933–4, Ulu Langat, Selangor; ZRC 2.2935, Cameron Highlands, Pahang; ZRC 2.2943, Negeri Sembilan, Gunung Angsi; ZRC 2.5362, Bellum, Perak; ZRC 2.5397, Kepong, Frim, Selangor. THAILAND. BMNH 1936.9.12.4, Betong, Yala; BMNH 1988.858–62, Trang; IRSNB 3059 Betong. NO SPECIFIC LOCALITY: ZFMK 18835, no locality; ZFMK 21497, Sunda Islands. 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: A large species of pitviper of the genus Trimeresurus (subgenus Parias Gray, 1849), characterized by the combination of (1) body elongate, head long and massive in adults; (2) body deep green or dark green in life, without sexual dimorphism in colouration and pattern; (3) on each side, a series of dorsolateral spots, white or pink, irregular in shape and size, usually conspicuous; (4) a broad, pale ventrolateral stripe on first two dorsal scale rows; (5) 21 (in a sole specimen 23) DSR at midbody; (6) 1st supralabial distinct from nasal scale; (7) large internasals, most usually in contact, only exceptionally separated by 1 scale (6 out of 42 specimens); (8) 1 or 2 (3rd or 3rd–4th SL), rarely 3 supralabials (3rd–4th–5th SL) in contact with subocular, (9) supraoculars elongate, not distinctly broad, separated by 5–9 (usually 6–7) scales; (10) tail average, with a ratio TaL/TL between 0.190 and 0.225 in males and 0.143 and 0.185 in females, with a clear sexual dimorphism; (11) 176–196 VEN; (10) 59–91 SC (males: 72–91; females: 59–78); (12) in life, eye dark grey pale yellow or yellowish-green; (13) a narrow postocular streak, white, cream, pale yellow, uniform or mixed with reddish-brown or salmon (pink or cream in preservative) usually present in males, present or absent in females; (14) venter yellowish-green or pale green, without any black margins; and (16) tail green as the body anteriorly, with large pinkish-red, salmon or red blotches (cream in preservative) on the upper surface of its anterior half, becoming fused and turning the tail entirely into hues of red on its posterior half. Characters separating T. hageni from the three new species described by Vogel et al. 2022 and from T. sumatranus and T. gunaleni are summarized in Table 1 in Vogel et al. 2022.


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CommentVenomous!

Similar species: Has been confused with T. sumatranus. Vogel et al. 2022 split off T. calamitas, T. kirscheyi, and T. whitteni from T. hageni.

Habitat: fully arboreal (Harrington et al. 2018).

Distribution: See Vogel et al. 2022: 78 (Fig. 13) for a map. 
EtymologyNamed after Dr. Bernhard Hagen (1853-1919), a physician, amateur natural historian and collector. He was employed by a Sumatran planting company. 
References
  • Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins, and Michael Grayson 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA - get paper here
  • Chan-ard, T., Parr, J.W.K. & Nabhitabhata, J. 2015. A field guide to the reptiles of Thailand. Oxford University Press, NY, 352 pp. [see book reviews by Pauwels & Grismer 2015 and Hikida 2015 for corrections] - get paper here
  • Chan-ard,T.; Grossmann,W.; Gumprecht,A. & Schulz,K. D. 1999. Amphibians and reptiles of peninsular Malaysia and Thailand - an illustrated checklist [bilingual English and German]. Bushmaster Publications, Würselen, Gemany, 240 pp. [book review in Russ. J Herp. 7: 87] - get paper here
  • Cox, Merel J.; Van Dijk, Peter Paul; Jarujin Nabhitabhata & Thirakhupt,Kumthorn 1998. A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. Ralph Curtis Publishing, 144 pp.
  • Das, I. 2012. A Naturalist's Guide to the Snakes of South-East Asia: Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Myanmar, Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Bali. Oxford J, ohn Beaufoy Publishing - get paper here
  • DAVID, PATRICK; GERNOT VOGEL & ALAIN DUBOIS 2011. On the need to follow rigorously the Rules of the Code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies (type species) for a nominal genus which lacked one: the case of the nominal genus Trimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae). Zootaxa 2992: 1–51 - get paper here
  • David,P. & Vogel, G. 1996. The snakes of Sumatra. An annotated checklist and key with natural history notes. Bücher Kreth, Frankfurt/M.
  • FIGUEROA, ALEX; MARTYN E.Y. LOW, KELVIN K.P. LIM 2023. Singapore’s herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution. Zootaxa 5287 (1): 001–378 - get paper here
  • Golay,P, H.M. SMITH, D.G. BROADLEY, J. R. DIXON, C., MCCARTHY, J. C. RAGE, B. SCHÀTTI & M.TORIBA 1993. Endoglyphs and other major venomous snakes of the world. A checklist. [type catalogue] Aire-Genève, Azemiops S. A. Herpetological Data Center: i-xv + 1-478.
  • Grandison, A.G.C. 1972. The Gunong Benom Expedition 1967. 5. Reptiles and amphibians of Gunong Benom with a description of a new species of Macrocalamus. Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Zool.), London, 23: 45-101. - get paper here
  • Gumprecht, A.; Tillack, F.; Orlov, N.L.; Captain, A. & Ryabow, S. 2004. Asian pitvipers. Geitje Books, Berlin, 368 pp.
  • Gumprecht,A. 2001. Die Bambusottern der Gattung Trimeresurus Lacépède Teil IV: Checkliste der Trimeresurus-Arten Thailands. Sauria 23 (2): 25-32 - get paper here
  • Guo, P.; Jadin, R.C.; Malhotra, A. & Li, C. 2009. An investigation of the cranial evolution of Asian pitvipers (Serpentes: Crotalinae), with comments on the phylogenetic position of Peltopelor macrolepis. Acta Zoologica 91: 402-407 - get paper here
  • Harrington, Sean M; Jordyn M de Haan, Lindsey Shapiro, Sara Ruane 2018. Habits and characteristics of arboreal snakes worldwide: arboreality constrains body size but does not affect lineage diversification. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 125 (1): 61–71 - get paper here
  • Laita, Mark 2013. Serpentine. Abrams and PQ Blackwell, Auckland, New Zealand, 200 unnumbered pages
  • Lidth DE JEUDE, T.W. VAN 1922. Snakes from Sumatra. Zoologische Mededelingen 6: 239-253. - get paper here
  • Lidth de Jeude,T. W. van 1886. Note X. On Cophias wagleri BOIE and Coluber sumatranus RAFFLES. Notes from the Leyden Museum 8: 43-54 - get paper here
  • Malhotra, Anita & Thorpe, Roger S. 2004. A phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for Asian pitvipers (Trimeresurus and Ovophis). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32: 83 –100 [erratum p. 680] - get paper here
  • Manthey, U. & Grossmann, W. 1997. Amphibien & Reptilien Südostasiens. Natur und Tier Verlag (Münster), 512 pp. - get paper here
  • McDiarmid, R.W.; Campbell, J.A. & Touré,T.A. 1999. Snake species of the world. Vol. 1. [type catalogue] Herpetologists’ League, 511 pp.
  • Orlov, N.; Ananjeva, N.; Barabanov, A.; Ryabov, S. & Khalikov, R. 2002. Diversity of vipers (Azemiopinae, Crotalinae) in East, Southeast, and South Asia: annotated checklist and natural history data (Reptilia: Squamata: Serpentes: Viperidae). Faun. Abh. Mus. Tierk. Dresden 23: 177-218
  • PAUL, LAURENCE & ROBERT W. MENDYK. 2021. Glow and Behold: Biofluorescence and New Insights on the Tails of Pitvipers (Viperidae: Crotalinae) and Other Snakes. Herpetological Review 52 (2): 221–237. - get paper here
  • Ryabov, Sergei A., Nicolai L. Orlov, Dmitry J. Panteleev and Konstantin A. Shiryaev. 2003. Trimeresurus hageni, Trimeresurus puniceus, and Trimeresurus sumatranus (Ophidia: Viperidae: Crotalinae): The data on reproductive biology and methods of captive breeding in laboratory conditions. Russ. J. Herpetol. 9 (3): 243-254 [2002] - get paper here
  • Sommerauer, H. 1997. Erfahrungen bei der Haltung und Nachzucht von Trimeresurus hageni. Sauria 19 (4): 23-28 - get paper here
  • Syafiq MF, Badli-Sham BH, Grismer LL, Ahmad AB 2023. Uneven species occurrence and richness of lowland snakes (Serpentes, Squamata) in Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia, with new locality records. ZooKeys 1168: 11–39
  • TEYNIÉ, ALEXANDRE; PATRICK DAVID, & ANNEMARIE OHLER 2010. Note on a collection of Amphibians and Reptiles from Western Sumatra (Indonesia), with the description of a new species of the genus Bufo. Zootaxa 2416: 1–43 - get paper here
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  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
 
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