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Trimeresurus gunaleni VOGEL, DAVID & SIDIK, 2014

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Higher TaxaViperidae, Crotalinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Gunalen’s Pitviper
Indonesian: Ular Hijau Gunung
Karo: Nipe Ratah
Padang (Minang): Ular Ijo Babiso
French: Trimérésure de Gunalen
German: Gunalen’s Grubenotter 
SynonymTrimeresurus gunaleni VOGEL, DAVID & SIDIK 2014: 21
Trimeresurus sumatranus — SANDERS et al. 2002: 107 (part., nec Coluber sumatranus RAFFLES 1822)
Trimeresurus sumatranus — SANDERS et al. 2004: 722 (part.)
Trimeresurus (Parias) gunaleni — MIRZA et al. 2023 
DistributionIndonesia (Sumatra)

Type locality: Mt. Sibayak, ca. 1,500–2,200 m elevation, west of Brastagi (Berastagi), Karo Regency (Kabupaten Karo), Sumatera Utara Province, Sumatra, Indonesia  
Reproduction 
TypesHolotype: MZB Ophi.5452, adult female, collected by the team of Danny Gunalen, Hidekazu Miyake, Cho Sangyeon, and Moon Suk Cha. Paratypes: NMW (= NHMW) 28159:1 (male), ZMB 29642 (male), NHMW 23909:4, NHMW 28159:2 (females), “Padang, Sumatra;” NMBA = NHMB 2599 (male), “Solok, Sumatra;” SMF 52844 (female), “Padang Mountains, Sumatra, 1,700 m,” all from Sumatera Barat Province, Sumatra. No paratpyes in NMW fide R. Gemel, pers. comm. 11 June 2018. 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: A large species of pitviper of the genus Trimeresurus, characterized by the combination of (1) body elongate, head long and massive in adults; (2) an overall green coloration with interstitial skin forming irregular, hol- low, black dorsal crossbands, with a thin, pale ventro- lateral line; (3) 21 DSR at midbody; (4) first supralabial totally separated from nasal scale; (5) large internasals, most usually separated by one scale, only exceptionally in contact; (6) three supralabials, third, fourth, fifth SL in contact with subocular; (7) supraoculars large but elon- gate, separated by 5–7 cephalic scales; (8) tail long, with a ratio TaL/TL between 0.201 and 0.210 in males and 0.144 and 0.180 in females; (9) 162–179 VEN; (10) 58– 72 SC (males: 71–72; females: 58–66); (11) eye yellow- ish-green in life and preservative; (12) cephalic scales strongly and broadly edged with black but not forming streaks; (13) no black postocular streak; (14) venter greenish-yellow or pale green, uniform, with posterior margin of ventrals paler green; and (15) tail greyish-red, rusty brown or reddish-brown, mottled with green cross- bars anteriorly.
Main characters separating T. gunaleni spec. nov. from other taxa of the complex of T. sumatranus are summarized in Table 2. Trimeresurus gunaleni spec. nov. mainly differs from T. sumatranus by (1) a lower number of ventrals in males (162–179, x̅ = 168.4 vs. 178–185, x̅ = 181.5; U = 33.5, P < 0.005) and females (164–171, x̅ = 169.5 vs.175–191, x̅ = 183.3); (2) a higher value of the ratio TaL/TL in males (0.201–0.210, x̅ = 0.206 vs. 0.150– 0.168, x̅ = 0.161); (3) the color of the tail with hues of red throughout mottled with green crossbars anteriorly vs. green as the body on its anterior half, becoming more or less abruptly red (see above description) posteriorly, strongly reticulate with black; (4) the color of the eyes: green or yellowish-green in T. gunaleni spec. nov. vs. dark brown, dark grey, or bronze in T. sumatranus; (5) the color of the ventral scales, which are green with a paler posterior margin in T. gunaleni spec. nov. vs. pale green with a dark grey or black posterior margin in T. sumatranus.
Trimeresurus gunaleni spec. nov. differs from T. mal- colmi by (1) the number of dorsal scales around mid- body (21 vs. 19); (2) a higher value of TaL/TL in males (0.201–0.210, x̅ = 0.206 vs. 0.160–0.179, x̅ = 0.162, s = 0.009); (3) the presence of a white lateral stripe in T. gunaleni spec. nov., missing in T. malcolmi; (4) the color of the tail: greyish-red, rusty brown or reddish-brown, mottled with green crossbars anteriorly in T. gunaleni vs. greenish-orange, salmon or pinkish-red, strongly reticu- lated with black in T. malcolmi; below, the tail is yellow- ish green anteriorly, turning to brown posteriorly in T. gunaleni spec. nov. vs. green or greenish-yellow on its anterior half, with subcaudal scales broadly edged with black producing a conspicuous reticulation; (5) the color of the eyes: yellowish-green in T. gunaleni spec. nov. vs. dark grey in T. malcolmi.
Trimeresurus gunaleni spec. nov. differs from T. hageni by (1) a lower number of ventrals in males (162–179, x̅ = 168.4 against 177–189, x̅ = 181.8; U = 139.5, P < 0.001) and females (164–171, x̅ = 169.5 vs.176–196, x̅ = 186.7); (2) by the internasals being separate (in eight out of nine specimens) against being most usually in contact in T. hageni (in 66 out of 73 specimens; U = 545.5, P < 0.001); (3) by the number of supralabials, usually being nine (in 14 out of 18 cases, only exceptionally 8 or 10, x̅ = 9.11) in T. gunaleni spec. nov. vs. usually 10 or 11 (in 123 of 148 occurrences, exceptionally 9, 12, or 13, x̅ = 10.54; U = 637.0, P < 0.001) in T. hageni; (4) by the total number of supralabials (on both sides) touching the subocular, six (in one case in seven, x̅ = 6.1) vs. usually being 2–4 (in 56 out of 74 cases, exceptionally 0, 1, 5, 6, x̅ = 2.9; U = 632.0, P < 0.001) in T. hageni; (5) by the number of infralabials, usually 11 (in 11 out of 16 occur- rences, only exceptionally 10 or 12, x̅ = 10.93) vs. usu- ally 12–14 (in 120 of 148 cases, exceptionally 11, 15, or 16, x̅ = 13.08; U = 710.0, P < 0.001) in T. hageni; (6) the lack of a pale temporal streak in T. gunaleni spec. nov., usually present in T. hageni, especially in males (in 27 of 29 males of T. hageni); and (7) the missing of dorsolat- eral white dots in T. gunaleni spec. nov., are usually present in T. hageni especially in males (in 27 of 29 males of T. hageni). 
CommentVenomous!

Habitat: partly arboreal (Harrington et al. 2018). 
Etymologyafter one of the collectors, Danny Gunalen 
References
  • Gemel, R.; G. Gassner & S. Schweiger 2019. Katalog der Typen der Herpetologischen Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien – 2018. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 121: 33–248
  • Harrington, Sean M; Jordyn M de Haan, Lindsey Shapiro, Sara Ruane 2018. Habits and characteristics of arboreal snakes worldwide: arboreality constrains body size but does not affect lineage diversification. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 125 (1): 61–71 - get paper here
  • Kwet, Axel 2015. Liste der im Jahr 2014 neu beschriebenen Reptilien. Terraria-Elaphe 2015 (3): 50-64 - get paper here
  • Vogel G, David P, Sidik I. 2014. On Trimeresurus sumatranus (Raffles, 1822), with the designation of a neotype and the description of a new species of pitviper from Sumatra (Squamata: Viperidae: Crotalinae). Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 8 (2) [General Issue]: 1–29 - get paper here
 
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