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Varanus varius (SHAW, 1790)

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Higher TaxaVaranidae, Platynota, Varanoidea, Anguimorpha, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Lace Monitor
G: Buntwaran 
SynonymLacerta varia SHAW in WHITE 1790: 253
Lacerta varia — SHAW & NODDER 1791: plate 83
Tupinambis variegatus DAUDIN 1802: 76
Varanus varius MERREM 1820
Varanus varius — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1836: 491
Varanus bellii DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1836: 493
Varanus (Hydrosaurus) mustelinus BORRE 1870: 124
Varanus varius — BOULENGER 1885: 319
Varanus various BERNEY 1936: 13 (in error)
Varanus (Varanus) varius — MERTENS 1942
Varanus varius — COGGER 1983
Varanus varius — DE LISLE 1996: 141
Varanus varius — COGGER 2000: 379
Varanus varius — WILSON & SWAN 2010
Varanus (Varanus) varius — BUCKLITSCH et al. 2016: 50 
DistributionAustralia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria)

Type locality: New South Wales; no locality in description, but presumably from Sydney area, NSW, based on activities of collector.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: lost (fide COGGER 1983, Böhme & Koch 2010)
Holotype: MNHN = MNHP 8287, from Sydney, N. S. W. (as Port Jackson) [T. variegatus]
Holotype: MNHP 8283, from Australia [V. bellii]
Holotype: RIB 9422 (Typ. Cat. 2002), frorn "Côte de Guinée". 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (genus): The monotypic genus Varanus differs from all other squamate genera in possessing the following combination of character states: head long and flat, neck long; tongue long and forked, legs well developed, each with 5 strongly-clawed digits; tail long, gradually tapering, in cross section circular, rounded-triangular or laterally compressed; skin smooth to rough, somewhat loose-fitting; head covered by small juxtaposed polygonal scales and body and limbs by oblong or squarish, juxtaposed, non-glossy scales often bearing a low central keel [from MARYAN et al. 2014]. 
CommentEx Shaw ms; junior primary homonym of Lacerta varia Wyttenbach, 1789, itself a nom. oblit.; conservation of Lacerta varia Shaw will require use of the Plenary power of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature [fide COGGER 1983]. See also Denzer et al 2020 for further discussion.

Variation: the bellii color variant seems to be a Mendelian trait that occurs primarily west of the Great Dividing Range in Australia (Scholz 2020).

Toxinological analyses of venom components from the Lace Monitor showed potent effects on blood pressure and clotting ability, bioactivities associated with a rapid loss of consciousness and extensive bleeding in prey [Fry et al. 2005].

Fossils: see Vasilyan & Bukhsianidze 2020 for a subset of fossils of the genus.

Type species: Lacerta varia WHITE 1790: 253 is the type species of the genus Varanus WHITE 1790.

Fossil species of Varanus: see Villa et al. 2018 for fossil Varanus from Europe.

Phylogenetics: Brennan et al. 2021 presented a phylogenomic analysis of most Varanus species, including a phylogenetic analysis of body size. 
EtymologyPresumably named after the Latin varius (different), probably in reference to the variegated pattern (the original description, in which common names represent Anglicised versions of the scientific name, uses the common name Variegated Lizard for this species). (G. Shea, pers. comm., 9 Feb 2024) 
References
  • Akeret, Beat 2014. Geschichtliches zur Haltung von Waranen in Deutschland und der Schweiz. Terraria-Elaphe 2014 (6): 14-21 - get paper here
  • AMIR, ZACHARY 2018. Relative Abundance and Risk Assessment of Lace Monitors (Varanus varius) on Fraser Island, Queensland: Are Monitors Habituated to Human Presence? Biawak 12 (1): - get paper here
  • Ávalos, J. de & Martínez Carrión, P. 1997. Warane. Reptilia (Münster) 2 (5): 16-21 - get paper here
  • Bauer, A.M. 1999. Notes on John White's Journal of a Voyage to new South Wales (1790), a Classic of Australian Herpetology. International Society for the History and Bibliography of Herpetology 1 (1): 16-19 - get paper here
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  • Berney, F. L. 1936. Gould's monitor (Varanus gouldiae). Qd. Nat. 10: 12-14
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  • Brennan, Ian G; Alan R Lemmon, Emily Moriarty Lemmon, Daniel M Portik, Valter Weijola, Luke Welton, Stephen C Donnellan, J Scott Keogh 2021. Phylogenomics of Monitor Lizards and the Role of Competition in Dictating Body Size Disparity. Systematic Biology, 70 (1): 120–132, - get paper here
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  • BUCKLITSCH, YANNICK; WOLFGANG BÖHME, ANDRÉ KOCH 2016. Scale Morphology and Micro-Structure of Monitor Lizards (Squamata: Varanidae: Varanus spp.) and their Allies: Implications for Systematics, Ecology, and Conservation. . Zootaxa 4153 (1): 001–192 - get paper here
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  • Carter, D.B. 1991. Reproductive Cycle of female Varanus varius in south eastern Australia. Mertensiella, Suppl. Salamandra (2): 266-266
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  • Denzer, W., Cogger, H., & Böhme, W. 2020. Lacerta varia – and then there were four: multiple use of the same species name for various lizards (Squamata: Lacertidae, Teiidae, Varanidae). Salamandra 56(4): 355-361 - get paper here
  • Duméril, A.M. C. and G. Bibron. 1836. Erpetologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Vol. 3. Libr. Encyclopédique Roret, Paris, 528 pp. - get paper here
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  • Grundke, F. & B. Grundke 1992. Feldherpetologische Beiträge zur Fauna Australiens. Teil 2: Beobachtungen an Varanus varius in New South Wales und Queensland. Herpetofauna 14 (80): 11-22 - get paper here
  • Hawkeswood, T. J. and D. C. Metcalfe 2016. Varanus varius (Lace Monitor) harassment by birds. Herpetological Review 47 (3): 470-471. - get paper here
  • Horn, H.-G. et al. 1997. Über die erstmalige F2-Nachzucht des Buntwarans Varanus varius Shaw, 1790. Herpetofauna 19 (108): 5-10 - get paper here
  • Horn, J. G. 1980. Bisher unbekannte Details zur Kenntnis von Varanus varius auf Grund von feldherpetologischen und terraristischen Beobachtungen (Reptilia: Sauria: Varanidae). Salamandra 16 (1): 1-18 - get paper here
  • Hoser, Raymond 1998. Lace monitors (Varanus varius) in the wild and in captivity in Australia, with reference to a collection of seven adults held in captivity for eight years. Monitor 10 (1): 22-30; 32; 35-36 - get paper here
  • Huey, Raymond B. and Montgomery Slatkin 1976. Cost and Benefits of Lizard Thermoregulation The Quarterly Review of Biology 51 (3): 363-384 - get paper here
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  • Jones A. A. & Metcalfe, D. C. 2013. Shelter from the Storm: an Unconventional Refuge for a wild Varanus varius (white, 1790) (Reptilia: Sauria: Varanidae). Biawak 7 (2): 54 - get paper here
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  • Villa A, Abella J, Alba DM, Almécija S, Bolet A, Koufos GD, et al. 2018. Revision of Varanus marathonensis (Squamata, Varanidae) based on historical and new material: morphology, systematics, and paleobiogeography of the European monitor lizards. PLoS ONE 13(12): e0207719 - get paper here
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  • White, J. 1790. Journal of a voyage to new South Wales, with sixty-five plates of non descript animals, birds, lizards, serpents, curious cones of trees and other natural productions. Debrett, London, 229 pp. - get paper here
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