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Vipera berus (LINNAEUS, 1758)

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Higher TaxaViperidae, Viperinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
SubspeciesVipera berus barani BÖHME & JOGER 1983
Vipera berus berus (LINNAEUS 1758)
Vipera berus bosniensis (BOETTGER 1889)
Vipera berus marasso (POLLINI 1818)
Vipera berus sachalinensis TZAREVSKY 1917
Vipera berus walser GHIELMI, MENEGON, MARSDEN, LADDAGA & URSENBACHER 2016 
Common NamesE: Adder, Northern Viper
G: Kreuzotter
E: Nikolsky's Viper [nikolskii]
G: Waldsteppen-Otter [nikolskii]
Croatian: riđovka
Russian: Обыкновенная гадюка
Chinese: 极北蝰
Italian: marasso
G: Piemont-Viper
Italian: vipera dei Walser [walser] 
SynonymColuber Berus LINNAEUS 1758: 217
Coluber Chersea LINNAEUS 1758: 218
Coluber prester LINNAEUS 1761
Coluber Berus — LAURENTI 1768: 97
Coluber vipera Anglorum LAURENTI 1768: 98
Coluber Melanis PALLAS 1771
Vipera berus — DAUDIN 1803: 89
Vipera chersea — DAUDIN 1803
Vipera chersaea — LINK 1807: 65
Vipera prester — LINK 1807: 65
Chersea vulgaris FLEMING 1822: 295
Vipera trilamina MILLET 1828 (nom. nov. pro Coluber chersea L.)
Vipera torva LENZ 1832: 133
Berus vulgaris — SWAINSON 1839: 362
Pelias dorsalis GRAY 1842
Vipera Prester var. gagatina FREYER 1842
Echidnoides trilamina — MAUDUYT 1844: 29
Vipera Pelias SOUBEIRAN 1855: 30
Pelias berus var. Prester — GÜNTHER 1858: 269
Pelias berus var. Chersea — GÜNTHER 1858: 269
Pelias berus — GÜNTHER 1859: 226
Pelias berus Var. dorsalis — COPE 1860: 341 [1859]
Pelias berus Var. niger — COPE 1860: 341 [1859] (nom. nud.)
Vipera (Pelias) berus var. lymnaea — JAN 1863: 121
Pelias Chersea — ERBER 1863: 129
Pelias berus — SCHUBERT 1886
Vipera berus — BOULENGER 1896: 476
Pelias berus lugubris KASHCHENKO 1902 (1899)
Coluber berus — STEJNEGER 1907: 445
Vipera berus var. pseudaspis SCHREIBER 1912: 620
Vipera (Pelias) berus forma brunneomarcata REUSS 1923: 295
Vipera (Pelias) berus forma luteoalba REUSS 1923: 295
Vipera (Pelias) berus forma ochracea asymmetrica REUSS 1923: 295
Vipera (Pelias) berus rudolphi-marchica REUSS 1924: 546
Vipera (Pelias) berus forma bilineata REUSS 1924: 666
Vipera (Pelias) berus forma chersea-splendens REUSS 1925: 213
Vipera (Pelias) berus forma ochracea-splendens REUSS 1925: 213
Vipera (Pelias) berus forma rutila REUSS 1925: 213
Vipera (Pelias) berus forma punctata REUSS 1925: 213
Vipera coronis coronis REUSS 1927: 640
Vipera coronis leopardina REUSS 1927: 640 [Nomen nudum]
Vipera coronis nigroides REUSS 1927: 640 [Nomen nudum]
Vipera coronis zamenoides REUSS 1927: 640 [Nomen nudum]
Pelias sudetica REUSS 1927: 127 [Nomen nudum]
Vipera coronis aspoides REUSS 1925
Vipera aspoides annulata REUSS 1927: 221
Vipera aspoides REUSS 1927: 640 [Nomen nudum]
V[ipera (Mesocoronis) coronis REUSS 1927: 216
Mesocoronis coronis — REUSS 1927: 216
V[ipera (Mesocoronis) coronis coronis — REUSS 1927: 221
V[ipera (Mesocoronis) coronis leopardina REUSS 1927: 217
V[ipera (Mesocoronis) coronis nigroides REUSS 1927: 222
Vipera (Mesocoronis)] coronis zamenoides REUSS 1927: 220
Vipera berus — ENGELMANN et al 1993
Vipera berus — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 397
Vipera (Pelias) berus — VENCHI & SINDACO 2006
Pelias berus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 541
Pelias berus— DUNAEV & ORLOVA 2017

Vipera berus barani BÖHME & JOGER 1983
Vipera barani BÖHME & JOGER 1983
Vipera barani — WELCH 1994: 121
Vipera barani — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 397
Vipera (Pelias) barani — VENCHI & SINDACO 2006
Pelias barani — WALLACH et al. 2014: 541
Pelias barani — GÜL et al. 2016
Pelias barani — TUNIYEV et al. 2019
Vipera berus barani — FREITAS et al. 2020
Pelias barani — GÜL 2020
Vipera berus barani — JOGER et al. 2024

Vipera berus berus (LINNAEUS 1758)
Coluber berus LINNAEUS 1758
Pelias berus — MERREM 1820: 148
Vipera berus var. montana MEHELY 1893
Vipera (Pelias) berus forma punctata REUSS 1925
Vipera berus berus — JOGER et al. 2024

Vipera berus bosniensis BOETTGER 1889
Vipera berus v[ar]. bosniensis BOETTGER in MOJSISOVICS 1889 [1888]
Vipera berus pseudaspis SCHREIBER 1912
Vipera berus bosniensis — HARDING & WELCH 1980
Vipera berus bosniensis — IOANNIDIS & BOUSBOURAS 1989
Vipera berus bosniensis — SCHWEIGER 2009
Vipera berus bosniensis — KWET & TRAPP 2014
Vipera berus bosniensis — GHIELMI et al. 2016
Vipera berus bosniensis — GEBHART 2020
Vipera berus bosniensis — BAMANN et al. 2024

Vipera berus marasso (POLLINI 1818)
Colubris cherseae var. marasso POLLINI 1818: 238
Coluber chersea var. marasso POLLINI 1818: 238
[Vipera] marasso — SETTE 1821
Vipera limnaea BENDISCIOLI 1826: 431
Pelias tyrolensis REUSS 1930
Pelias schreiberi REUSS 1930
Vipera berus marasso — SCHMIDTLER 2019: 50
Vipera berus marasso — SCHMIDTLER & HANSBAUER 2020

Vipera berus sachalinensis TZAREVSKY 1917
Vipera berus sachalinensis TZAREVSKY 1916
Coluber sachalinensis sachalinensis
Vipera berus sachalinensis — SHANNON 1956
Coluber sachalinensis continentalis NIKOLSKY 1926
Coluber sachalinensis continentalis NIKOLSKY 1927: 249
Vipera berus sachalinensis — HARDING & WELCH 1980
Vipera berus sachalinensis — KABISCH et al. 1990
Vipera berus — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 399
Vipera berus sachalinensis — KUCHARZEWSKI 2011
Vipera sachalinensis — PYRON & BURBRINK 2013
Pelias sachalinensis — WALLACH et al. 2014: 545
Pelias sachalinensis — ADNAGULOV 2016
Pelias sachalinensis — DUNAEV & ORLOVA 2017
Vipera berus sachalinensis — JOGER et al. 2024

Vipera berus walser GHIELMI, MENEGON, MARSDEN, LADDAGA & URSENBACHER 2016
Vipera walser GHIELMI, MENEGON, MARSDEN, LADDAGA & URSENBACHER 2016
Vipera berus walser — SPEYBROECK et al. 2020
Vipera berus walser — SINDACO & RAZZETTI 2021
Vipera berus walser — JOGER et al. 2024 
DistributionNorway, Sweden, Finland,
France, Denmark, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein,
N Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, England (UK),
Poland, Czech Republic (formerly Czechoslovakia), Hungary, Romania, Belarus,
Bulgaria, Albania, Slovakia,
Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Bosnia-Hercegovina,
Monte Negro, Macedonia, Serbia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,
Russia, Ukraine, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, North Korea, NW China (N Xinjiang, Jilin)

barani: NW Turkey; Type locality: ca. 60 km N Adapazari, Turkey.

bosniensis: Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro, N Albania, N Greece, Hungary

marasso: S Germany, Austria, N Italy. Type locality: Legnago, Prov. Verona, Po region (Contorni di Legnago).

sachalinensis: NE China, North Korea, Russia (Amur Oblast, Primorskye Kray and Khabarovsk Kray, Sakhalin = Sachalin Island)

Type locality: Uppsala, Sweden

walser: NW Italy (Pennine Alps); Type locality: San Giovanni d’Andorno, strada per Oropa at 1300 m elevation in the Alps north of town of Biella, a subrange of the Pennine Alps, north-western Italy.  
Reproductionovoviviparous (listed as viviparous by Blackburn 1994). 
TypesNeotype: UUZM (= ZMUU) 7454, a 455 mm male (2 June 1934), designated by Krecsák & Wahlgren 2008: 2357.
Holotype: ZFMK 35444 [barani]
Holotype: ZSM (SLM) 1519 (lost), adult female, “Arnsdorf i. Sachsen” (card index), collected by T. Reuss 26.09.1924 (see Krecsák 2007) [punctata]
Holotype: ZMBH (?), given as Museum Sarajevo, according to Schwarz 1936: 208; MBHS, according to Bruno 1985: 60 [bosniensis]
Syntypes: ZISP (also as ZIL) 11992-93 [sachalinensis]
Holotype: MSNG 34485, Adult female, collected in S. Giovanni d’Andorno, on the road to Oropa in the Biella prealps, at about 1300 m a.s.l. by A. Rosazza in the summer of 1930 (Fig. 5). Paratypes: One adult male: MSNG33638M collected at Monte Rosso del Croso, on 30 August 1933. One juvenile male: MSNG33637B and one subadult male: MSNG30818C collected at Alpe Finestre by Felice Capra, respectively, on 28 July 1930 and 15 August 1928. One adult female: MSNG30818A, one subadult female: MSNG30818B, and two juvenile females: MSNG33637C and MSNG33637D collected by Felice Capra at Alpe Finestre between August 1928 and August 1939. One juvenile female: MSNG30286 collected by F. Capra at Monte Rosso del Croso on 12 September 1934; one adult female MSNG33637A collected by F. Capra at Alpe le Piane on 5 August 1937; one adult female MSNG41663 collected by A. Margiocco at Piedicavallo in September 1967. [walser] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (Pelias): Small and medium snakes, the largest species do not exceed 900 mm in length, including a tail. The head is covered on top by small scales and large regular shaped scutes. The frontal, paired temporal and paired supraorbital scutes are the largest. The nasal scute is separated from the intermaxillar by nasomaxillar scutes. The body scales are strongly costate. The ventral scutes are 128–157, subcaudal 21–46 pairs in two rows and the anal scute is whole. All species are ovoviviparous (Tuniyev et al. 2019: 126)


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CommentVenomous!

Distribution including data for V. sachalinensis which has been elevated to species status. ENGELMANN et al. (1993) list Vipera berus pseudaspis SCHREIBER 1912 as separate subspecies. V. b. bosniensis most likely not in Romania (Sos 2008). For a map see Sindaco et al. 2013 and Joger et al. 2024 (who also show all subspecies in their map). For a map of V. b. walser see map in Ghielmi et al. 2016: 168 (Fig. 8).

Synonymy partly after STEJNEGER 1907. Vipera berus bosniensis may represent a valid species (U. Joger in MCDIARMID et al. 1999). Vipera berus sachalinensis ZAREVSKY 1917 has been considered as valid species by some authors. JOGER et al. (2007) found that bosniensis, nikolskii, barani, sachalinensis nested within various populations of V. berus. However, most recent authors consider nikolskii as valid.

Synonymy: V. b. walser was previously considered an isolated population of V. berus (Capra, 1954; Sindaco et al., 2006), according to the phylogeny by Ghielmi et al. (2016) V. walser seems surprisingly related to the Caucasian species of the V. ursinii complex. Speybroeck et al. (2020) consider the acceptance of the new species as premature due to the possible existence of mito-nuclear discordance and tentatively regard it as a subspecies of Vipera berus. Freitas et al. (2020) consider V. walser a valid species. Similarly, Vanzo et al. 2025 found that the distinction of V. walser from V. berus cannot be robustly supported by to morphological data, although they refrain from synonymizing the two.

Type species: Vipera berus is the type species of the genus Pelias MERREM 1820. Pelias is the type genus of the subfamily Peliasinae REUSS 1933.

Hybridization: Vipera berus hybridizes with V. aspis in France (Guiller et al. 2017) and with V. nikolskii in Romania and Moldova (Zinenko et al. 2010).

Phylogenetics (walser): V. walseri nests within dinniki, kaznakovi, darevskii, ursinii, eriwanensis. Not closely related to V. aspis or V. berus. See tree in Ghielmi et al. 2016: 163 (Fig. 1). However, V. walser is a striking case of mitonuclear discordance (Dufresnes et al. 2024): in the nuclear genome, these populations belong to the alpine diversity of the adder V. berus (as the sister lineage of geographically proximate V. b. marasso), despite carrying mtDNA related to the Caucasian V. kaznakovi complex (Ghielmi et al., 2016). Given this discrepancy, Dufresnes et al. 2024 refrain from synonymizing walser with berus.

Phylogeography: see Dufresnes et al. 2024.

NCBI taxID: 247077 [barani]

NCBI taxonID: 1955334 [walser]

RDB speciesID: 20554 [walser] 
EtymologyNamed after medieval German, “ber-slange” (= [live-] bearing snake), which was latinized to “berus” by Albertus Magnus (~1200-1280) (Böhme & Denzer 2019).

V. b. barani was named after Dr. Ibrahim Baran, Turkish herpetologist.

V. b. bosniensis was named after its distribution in Bosnia.

V. b. sachalinensis was named after its distribution on Sachalin Island.

V. b. walser was named after, and dedicated to, the Walser people with whom it shares an extraordinary beautiful and wild area of the south-western Alps. 
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