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Xenocalamus bicolor GÜNTHER, 1868

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Higher TaxaAtractaspididae (Aparallactinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
SubspeciesXenocalamus bicolor australis FITZSIMONS 1946
Xenocalamus bicolor bicolor GÜNTHER 1868
Xenocalamus bicolor lineatus ROUX 1907
Xenocalamus bicolor machadoi LAURENT 1954 
Common NamesE: Slender Quill-snouted Snake
bicolor: Bicoloured Quill-snouted Snake
australis: Waterberg Quill-snouted Snake
lineatus: Striped Quill-snouted Snake 
SynonymXenocalamus bicolor GÜNTHER 1868: 415
Xenocalamus bicolor — WELCH 1994: 125
Xenocalamus lineatus bicolor — JACOBSEN et al. 2010
Xenocalamus bicolor — GOWER et al. 2012: 115
Xenocalamus bicolor — WALLACH et al. 2014: 795
Amblyodipsas bicolor — FIGUEROA et al. 2016 (by implication)
Xenocalamus bicolor — PIETERSEN et al. 2021

Xenocalamus bicolor australis FITZSIMONS 1946
Xenocalamus bicolor australis FITZSIMONS 1946: 386
Xenocalamus bicolor australis — DE WITTE & LAURENT 1947
Xenocalamus bicolor australis — BROADLEY 1971: 675
Xenocalamus bicolor australis — BATES et al. 2014: 355

Xenocalamus bicolor bicolor GÜNTHER 1868
Michaela pernasuta WERNER 1915
Xenocalamus pernasuta — HEWITT 1926: 473
Xenocalamus bicolor maculatus FITZSIMONS 1932: 39
Xenocalamus bicolor concavo-rostralis HOFFMAN 1940: 111
Xenocalamus bicolor concavo-rostralis — FITZSIMONS 1946
Xenocalamus bicolor bicolor — FITZSIMONS 1946
Xenocalamus bicolor pernasutus — FITZSIMONS 1946
Xenocalamus bicolor maculatus — FITZSIMONS 1946
Xenocalamus bicolor maculatus — DE WITTE & LAURENT 1947
Xenocalamus bicolor pernasutus — DE WITTE & LAURENT 1947
Xenocalamus bicolor bicolor — DE WITTE & LAURENT 1947
Xenocalamus bicolor concavo-rostralis — DE WITTE & LAURENT 1947
Xenocalamus bicolor bicolor — BROADLEY 1959
Xenocalamus bicolor — AUERBACH 1987: 174
Xenocalamus bicolor bicolor — BAUER et al. 1993
Xenocalamus bicolor bicolor — BATES et al. 2014: 354

Xenocalamus bicolor lineatus ROUX 1907
Xenocalamus bicolor var. lineatus ROUX 1907
Xenocalamus bicolor lineatus — FITZSIMONS 1946
Xenocalamus bicolor lineatus — BROADLEY 1971: 681
Xenocalamus bicolor lineatus — SCHÄTTI 1985
Xenocalamus bicolor lineatus — PIETERSEN et al. 2013
Xenocalamus lineatus — BROADLEY & BLAYLOCK 2013
Xenocalamus lineatus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 795
Xenocalamus bicolor lineatus — BATES et al. 2014: 355

Xenocalamus bicolor machadoi LAURENT 1954
Xenocalamus bicolor machadoi LAURENT 1954: 45
Xenocalamus bicolor machadoi — BROADLEY 1971: 680
Xenocalamus bicolor machadoi — MARQUES et al. 2018 
DistributionAngola, W?/S Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire), Namibia, Botswana,
Republic of South Africa (N Cape, W OFS, Transvaal),
Mozambique, N Zimbabwe

australis: Transvaal (Waterberg District)

bicolor: Namibia, W/C Botswana, Republic of South Africa (N Cape Province, W Orange Free State), N Zimbabwe, C Mozambique

lineatus: S Mozambique, NE Transvaal, SE Zimbabwe

machadoi: Angola, W Zaire; Type locality: “Dundo” [= Kwanza Norte Province, northeastern Angola]

invalid:

concavorostralis: Republic of South Africa; Type locality: “Kelly’s View, Bloemfontein”.

maculatus: Botswana; Type locality: Kuke Pan, Botswana.

pernasuta: Namibia; Type locality: Farm Otjituezu, near Neudamm, 46 km NE of Windhoek, South West Africa.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesType: BMNH 1946.1.2.89 (and possibly additional specimens).
Holotype: MHNN (Neuchatel, Switzerland) [lineatus]
Holotype: DNMNH (= TM) 6275, adult female [australis]
Holotype: MD 2082 (collector A. Barros Machado) [machadoi]
Holotype: DNMNH 14450 (also given as TM) (orig. V.L.K.E. 835), collected in March 1930 [maculatus]
Holotype: lost, was ZMH, destroyed in WW II, collected by W. Michaelsen on 13 May 1911 [pernasutus]
Holotype: NMBL 2077, collected by J. Erasmus in October, 1939 [concavorostralis] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (2940 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentVenomous!

Synonymy: Xenocalamus bicolor concavorostralis HOFFMAN 1940 is a synonym of X. b. bicolor fide Bates et al. 2014. The subspecies pernasutus and maculatus are synonyms of bicolor fide Broadley 1971.

Type species: Xenocalamus bicolor GÜNTHER 1868 is the type species of the genus Xenocalamus GÜNTHER 1868.

Phylogenetics: see Portillo et al. 2018 for a phylogenetic analysis of members of Aparallactinae, inlcuding members of Xenocalamus. Figueroa et al. 2016 synonymized Xenocalamus with Amblyodipsas although they only sampled Xenocalamus transvaalensis, hence we leave Xenocalamus for the time being.

Key: Methuen 1919 has a key to the species of Xenocalamus known at the time. 
References
  • Auerbach, R.D. 1987. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Botswana. Mokwepa Consultants, Botswana, 295 pp.
  • Baptista NL, António T, Branch WR. 2019. The herpetofauna of Bicuar National Park and surroundings, southwestern Angola: a preliminary checklist. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 13(2) [Special Section]: 96–130 (e203) - get paper here
  • Bates, M. F. 1988. Geographical Distribution - Xenocalamus bicolor bicolor. J. Herp. Assoc. Africa (34): 50-50 - get paper here
  • Bates, M.F. 1991. A re-evaluation of the taxonomic status of Xenocalamus bicolor concavorostralis Hoffman, 1940 (Serpentes: Atractaspidinae). South African J Zoology 26 (2):78-81 - get paper here
  • Bates, M.F.; Branch, W.R., Bauer, A.M.; Burger, M., Marais, J.; Alexander, G.J. & de Villliers, M.S. (eds.) 2014. Atlas and Red List of the Reptiles of South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland. Suricata 1. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, 512 pp.
  • Bauer, Aaron M.; Branch, William R. & Haacke, Wulf D. 1993. The herpetofauna of the Kamanjab area and adjacent Damaraland, Namibia. Madoqua (Windhoek) 18 (2): 117-145. - get paper here
  • Branch, William R. 1993. A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik Publishers, 144 S.
  • Branch, William R. & Rod W. Patterson 1976. Notes on eggs and hatchlings of Xenocalamus bicolor lineatus Roux from South Africa. Herpetological Review 7 (3):116:-117 - get paper here
  • Broadley, D. & Blaylock 2013. The Snakes of Zimbabwe and Botswana. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 387 pp. [book review in Sauria 35 (2): 59 and Copeia 2014: 388] - get paper here
  • Broadley, D. G. 1971. A revision of the African snake genera Amblyodipsas and Xenocalamus. Occ. Pap. natl. Mus. Rhod. B4 (33): 629-697
  • Broadley, D.G. 1959. The herpetology of Southern Rhodesia. Part I--the snakes. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 120 (1): 1-100 [reprint 1972] - get paper here
  • Broadley, D.G. 1998. The reptilian fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa). In: Schmidt, K.P. and Noble, G.K., Contributions to the Herpetology of the Belgian Congo... [reprint of the 1919 and 1923 papers]. SSAR Facsimile reprints in Herpetology, 780 pp.
  • Chifundera, K. 1990. Snakes of Zaire and their bites. Afr. Stud. Monogr. (Kyoto) 10(3): 137-157.
  • Chippaux, Jean-Philippe & Kate Jackson 2019. Snakes of Central and Western Africa. Johns Hopkins University Press, 448 pp. [detaileld review in HR 51 (1): 161] - get paper here
  • Figueroa A, McKelvy AD, Grismer LL, Bell CD, Lailvaux SP 2016. A Species-Level Phylogeny of Extant Snakes with Description of a New Colubrid Subfamily and Genus. PLoS One 11 (9): e0161070.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070 - get paper here
  • FitzSimons, V. 1932. Preliminary descriptions of new forms of South African Reptilia and Amphibia, from the Vernay-Lang Kalahari Expedition, 1930. Annals Transvaal Mus. 15 (1): 35-40 - get paper here
  • Fitzsimons, V. 1946. Notes on some African Snakes, including a discription of a new subspecies of Xenocalamus. Annals Transvaal Mus. 20 (4): 379-394 - get paper here
  • Gower, D.; Garrett, K. & Stafford, P. 2012. Snakes. Firefly Books, Buffalo, NY,<br>144 p..
  • Günther, A. 1868. Sixth account of new species of snakes in the collection of the British Museum. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 1: 413-429 - get paper here
  • Herrmann, H.-W.; W.R. Branch 2013. Fifty years of herpetological research in the Namib Desert and Namibia with an updated and annotated species checklist. Journal of Arid Environments 93: 94–115 - get paper here
  • Hewitt, J. 1926. Some new or little-known reptiles and batrachians from South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 20: 473—490
  • Hoffman, A.C. 1940. A new subspecies of Xenocalamus from Bloemfontein. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum, Bloemfontein 1(11): 111–113
  • Jacobsen, Niels H.G.; Errol W. Pietersen & Darren W. Pietersen 2010. A preliminary herpetological survey of the Vilanculos Coastal Wildlife Sanctuary on the San Sebastian Peninsula, Vilankulo, Mozambique. Herpetology Notes 3: 181-193
  • Laurent, RAYMOND F. 1954. Reptiles et batraciens de la région de Dundo (Angola) (Deuxième note). Companhia de Diamantes de Angola (Diamang), Serviços Culturais, Publicações Culturais, No. 23: 37-84
  • Marques, Mariana P.; Luis M. P. Ceríaco , David C. Blackburn , and Aaron M. Bauer 2018. Diversity and Distribution of the Amphibians and Terrestrial Reptiles of Angola -- Atlas of Historical and Bibliographic Records (1840–2017). Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (Ser. 4) 65: 1-501 (Supplement II)
  • Methuen, P.A. 1919. Descriptions of a new snake from the Transvaal, together with a new diagnosis and key of the genus Xenocalamus, and of some Batrachia from Madagascar. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 349-355 - get paper here
  • O’Shea, M. 2018. The Book of Snakes. Ivy Press / Quarto Publishing, London, - get paper here
  • Pietersen, Darren W. Pietersen, Errol W. Haacke, Wulf D. 2013. First herpetological appraisal of the Parque Nacional de Banhine, Gaza Province, southern Mozambique. Annals of the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History 3: 153-163 - get paper here
  • Pietersen, Darren, Verburgt, Luke & Davies, John 2021. Snakes and other reptiles of Zambia and Malawi. Struik Nature / Penguin Random House South Africa, 376 pp., ISBN 9781775847373
  • Portillo, F., Branch, W.R., Conradie, W., Rödel, M-O., Penner, J., Barej, M.F., Kusamba, C., Muninga, W.M., Aristote, M.M., Bauer, A.M., Trape, J-F., Nagy, Z.T., Carlino, P., Pauwels, O.S.G., Menegon, M., Burger, M., Mazuch, T., Jackson, K., Hughes, 2018. Phylogeny and biogeography of the African burrowing snake subfamily Aparallactinae (Squamata: Lamprophiidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution - get paper here
  • Trape, J.-F. 2023. Guide des serpents d’Afrique occidentale, centrale et d’Afrique du Nord. IRD Éditions, Marseille, 896 pp.
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
  • Werner,F. 1915. Reptilia und Amphibia. In: Michaelsen,W.: Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Land- und Süsswasserfauna Deutsch-Südwestafrikas III, pp. 325-376 - get paper here
  • Witte, G. F. de & LAURENT,R.F. 1947. Revision d'un groupe de Colubridae africains: genres Calamelaps, Miodon, Aparallactus, et formes affines. Mém. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belgique (sér. 2) 29: 1-134
 
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