You are here » home › advanced search › Xerotyphlops vermicularis

Xerotyphlops vermicularis (MERREM, 1820)

iNaturalist logo

Can you confirm these amateur observations of Xerotyphlops vermicularis?

Add your own observation of
Xerotyphlops vermicularis »

Find more photos by Google images search: Google images

Higher TaxaTyphlopidae (Asiatyphlopinae), Typhlopoidea, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Eurasian Blind Snake, Greek Blindsnake
G: Blödauge, Europäische Wurmschlange
Russian: Червеобразная слепозмейка
E: Lorestan Blind Snake, Laki Blind Snake [luristanicus] 
SynonymAnguis lumbricalis DAUDIN 1803: 308 (preoccupied)
Typhlops vermicularis MERREM 1820: 158
Typhlops flavescens BIBRON & BORY in BORY 1833
Typhlops vermicularis — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1844: 303
Argyrophis vermicularis — GRAY 1845: 137
Typhlops vermicalis BREHM 1869 (lapsus)
Typhlops persicus BLANFORD 1874
Typhlops lumbricalis (not of LINNAEUS) — SCHREIBER 1875
Typhlops vermicularis — BOULENGER 1887: 345
Typhlops vermicularis — BOULENGER 1893: 21
Typhlops vermicularis — MEHELY 1894: 83
Typhlops vermicularis — VENZMER 1919: 121
Typhlops vermicularis — WERNER 1935: 107
Typhlops vermicularis — BUSEKE 1982
Typhlops vermicularis — ENGELMANN et al 1993
Typhlops vermicularis — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 124
Typhlops vermicularis — GRUBER 2009
Xerotyphlops vermicularis — HEDGES et al. 2014
Typhlops vermicularis — WALLACH et al. 2014: 773
Xerotyphlops luristanicus TORKI 2017
Xerotyphlops vermicularis — SPEYBROECK et al. 2020
Xerotyphlops vermicularis — KORNILIOS et al. 2020
Xerotyphlops vermiculari — RHADI et al. 2021 (in error) 
DistributionMontenegro, Albania, Serbia, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece (incl. Corfu = Corfou, Lesbos, Chios, Samos, Thassos), Turkey, Cyprus,
S Russia (Caucasus, Dagestan), Armenia, Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia, S Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan ?,
Egypt, Iraq, Iran (Isfahan, East Azarbaijan, Markazi, Tehran, Fars, Mazandaran, Kerman, Khuzestan, Gilan, and Lorestan),

Type locality: Greece

luristanicus: Iran (Lorestan); Type locality: 1,750- 2,100 m elevation, on the western slope of the central Zagros Mountains, Badavar region, Nourabad, Lorestan Province, western Iran, 34°07 ́ N, 47°53 ́ E.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesTypes: Unlocated
Holotype: MNHN-RA 2016.0040 (former FTHM 19710), Adult male, collected by Farhang Torki on 29 March 2016, (Fig. 2 in Torki 2017). Paratypes: Five specimens: MNHN-RA 2016.0041-45 (respectively former FTHM 19711-15); 2 adult males: MNHN-RA 2016.0042 and 2016.0045 (respectively former FTHM 19712, 19715); 3 adult females: MNHN-RA 2016.0041, 2016.0043- 44 (respectively former FTHM 19711, 13-14), collected by Farhang Torki on 18 May 2016; same data as for holotype [luristanicus] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (genus). Species of Xerotyphlops have (1) eye, distinct, (2) snout, rounded, (3) head scale arrangement, non-circular, (4) frontorostral, absent, (5) nasal, incompletely divided, (6) nasal suture origin, supralabial 2, (7) sub- oculars or subpreoculars, absent (rarely present), (8) postoculars, 2 (average, 2.0), (9) preocular-labial contact, su- pralabials 2 & 3, (10) midbody scale rows, 20–24 (average, 23.5), (11) scale row reduction, present, (12) total scale rows, 206–435 (average, 355), (13) caudals, 10–16 (average, 13.0), (14) maximum total length, 220–350 (average, 292) mm, (15) total length/midbody diameter, 37–55 (average, 45.6), (16) total length/tail length, 88, (17) dorsal color, whitish or brown, (18) ventral color, whitish, cream, or brown, (19) dorsum darker than (or same as) venter, (20) overall, either patternless or darker longitudinal lines, (Tables 1–2); molecular phylogenetic support (Fig. 1).
From other genera of Asiatyphlopinae, Xerotyphlops has the shortest tail (TL/TA = 87.7 versus 31.1–75.1; averages). It differs from Acutotyphlops in lacking a frontorostral and from Cyclotyphlops in having non-circular head scales (versus circular arrangement). It differs from Grypotyphlops in lacking subocular scales (rarely present). It differs from Cyclotyphlops and Indotyphlops in having more postoculars (2.00 versus 1.0–1.03; averages). It differs from Anilios, Indotyphlops, and Ramphotyphlops in having higher average midbody scale rows (23.5 versus 19.4– 21.7; averages). It differs from Anilios, Grypotyphlops, and Sundatyphlops in having fewer total scale rows (355 ver- sus 466–496; averages) and smaller body size (TL = 292 versus 353–630; averages). It differs from Malayotyphlops in having lower average midbody scales (23.5 versus 26.8; averages). It differs from Asiatyphlops and Cyclotyphlops in having a thinner body (TL/MBD = 45.6 versus 35.1–35.2; averages) [HEDGES et al. 2014].


Additional details (926 characters) are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentSynonymy: Kornilios et al. 2020 revalidated X. syriacus but did not provide a diagnosis for the (two) species. Rajabizadeh 2018 synonymized Xerotyphlops luristanicus with X. vermicularis

Distribution: Not in Pakistan fide KHAN 2002 (pers. comm.), not in Romania. See SEH atlas for distribution map. Not on Limnos although Kasapidis et al. (1996) reported it from Limnos. Strachinis & Roussos 2016 consider this record as erroneous. See Kornilios et al 2020 for a map of X. vermicularis and what they call X. syriacus. For a map see Sindaco et al. 2013.

Type species: Typhlops vermicularis MERREM 1820 is the type species of the genus Xerotyphlops HEDGES et al. 2014. This is also the type species of Lenhosertyphlops Hoser 2012: 28 (in which Hoser included vermicularis, etheridgei, and socotranus)

Diet: ants and other invertebrates

Habitat: X. luristanicus sp. n. was found beneath stones from both the base and top of Chghasalman Mountain (1,750-2,100m a.s.l.).

Syntopy (luristanicus): Natrix tessellata, Platyceps najadum, Laudakia nupta, Ophisops elegans, and Trachylepis aurata.

Morphology: for morphological data across the species in this genus see Pyron & Wallach 2014: Table 2. 
EtymologyNamed after Latin vermis = worm, or vermicul'us, -i, -m = small worm, referring to the body shape of the species.

The name “luristanicus” refers to Lorestan province (habitat of new species).

The genus name is a masculine noun formed from the Greek adjective xeros (desert) and Greek noun typhlops (the blind), in reference to the desert region where these species occur. As an alternate meaning, the rarity of species in this large region could be described as a ‘blindsnake desert.’ 
References
  • Afroosheh, Mohadeseh, Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani and Haji Gholi Kami. 2012. Comments on the distribution and external morphology of Typhlops vermicularis (Ophidia: Typhlopidae) in Iran. Hamadryad 36 (1): 12-16 - get paper here
  • AFROOSHEH, Mohadeseh; Nasrullah RASTEGAR-POUYANI, Seyed Kamran GHOREISHI, Haji Gholi KAMI 2013. Comparison of geographic variations in Typhlops vermicularis (Merrem, 1820) (Ophidia: Typhlopidae) from the Iranian plateau with Turkey and Turkmenistan. Turk J Zool 37: 685-692 - get paper here
  • Akman, B., Çakmak, M., & Yıldız, M.Z. 2020. On the Herpetofauna of the Central Anatolian Province of Kırıkkale (Turkey) (Amphibia; Reptilia). Acta Biologica Turcica, 33(2): 70-79
  • Akman, B.; M. Z. Yildiz et al. 2018. On the herpetofauna of the East Anatolian Province of Bitlis (Turkey) (Amphibia; Reptilia). Herpetozoa 31 (1/2): 69 - 82 - get paper here
  • Al-Quran, S. 2009. The Herpetofauna of the Southern Jordan. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 6 (4): 385-391 [this journal has a dubious record, see http://goo.gl/81SBPv]
  • Andrijczuk, Christoph; Denise Mexstorf & Marco Sommer 2020. Neue Fundorte von drei Reptilienarten auf Korfu. Sauria 42 (1): 55-60
  • Avcı, Aziz; Nazan Üzüm, Emin Bozkurt, Kurtuluş Olgun 2018. The Herpetofauna of Poorly Known Tunceli Province (Turkey). Russ. J. Herpetol. 25 (1): 17-24 - get paper here
  • Baier, F.; Sparrow, D.J. & Wiedl, H.J. 2009. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Cyprus. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt/M., ca. 370 pp.
  • Bar, Aviad and Guy Haimovitch 2012. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Israel. Pazbar LTD, 246 pp. - get paper here
  • Baran, I.; Kumlutas, Y.; Olgun, K.; Ilgaz, C. & Kaska, Y. 2001. The Herpetofauna of the Vicinity of Silifke. Turkish Journal of Zoology 25: 245-249 - get paper here
  • Berger-Dell'mour, H. 1986. Zur Herpetofauna des Golan [Syria]. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. in Wien (Ser. B) 87: 59-67. - get paper here
  • Berthold,A.A. 1840. Ueber verschiedene neue oder seltene Amphibienarten. Abh. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 1: 47-72 [1842 ?]
  • Beshkov, V & Nanev, K 2006. The Amphibians and Reptiles in Bulgaria. Pensoft Series Faunistica 46, 120 pp.
  • Bibron & Bory de Saint-Vincent 1833. Vertébrés a sang froid. Reptiles et poissons. Reptiles. In: Geoffroy & Geoffroy, Expédition Scientifique de Morée, Tome III. 1re partie, Zoologie: pp. 57- - get paper here
  • Blanford, W.T. 1874. Descriptions of new Reptilia and Amphibia from Persia and Baluchistan. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 14: 31-35 - get paper here
  • Boettger, O. [as O. Böttger] 1880. Die Reptilien und Amphibien von Syrien, Palaestina und Cypern. Ber. Senckenb. Naturforsch. Ges., Frankfurt/M., 1879-1880: 132-219 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G. A. 1913. The snakes of Europe. Methusen & Co. Ltd, London, 151 pp.
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1887. List of reptiles and batrachians from Cyprus. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 20: 344-345 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1893. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) I. London (Taylor & Francis), 448 pp. - get paper here
  • Boyan Petrov; Pavel Stoev; Vladimir Beshkov 2001. A review on the species composition and distribution of the amphibians (Amphibia) and reptiles (Reptilia) in the Eastern Rhodopes Mountain, Bulgaria [in Russian] Hist. Nat. Bulgarica 13: 127-153 - get paper here
  • Brehm 1869. Illustr. Thierleben, Ed. 1, 5 : 189
  • Buseke, D. 1982. Die Schlangen der Südbulgarischen Schwarzmeerküste. Sauria 4 (2): 5-9 - get paper here
  • Clark,R.J. & Clark, E.D. 1973. Report on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from Turkey. Occ. Pap. Cal. Acad. Sci. (104): 62 pp. - get paper here
  • Corkill, N. L. and Cochrane, J. A. 1966. The snakes of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 62 (3): 475-506 (1965) - get paper here
  • Daudin, F. M. 1803. Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles. vol. 7. Paris: Dufart, 436 pp. [publication date fide Harper 1940] - get paper here
  • Disi, A.M.; Modry, D.; Nečas, P. & Rifai, L. 2001. Amphibians and reptiles of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, 408 pp.
  • Duméril, A. M. C. and G. Bibron. 1844. Erpetologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Vol.6. Libr. Encyclopédique Roret, Paris, 609 pp. - get paper here
  • Dunaev E.A., Orlova V.F. 2017. Amphibians and reptiles of Russia. Atlas and determination. 2nd. ed. Moscow: Phyton XXI, 328 p
  • Dyugmedzhiev A, Slavchev M, Naumov B 2019. Emergence and dispersal of snakes after syntopic hibernation. Herpetozoa 32: 149-157 - get paper here
  • Edelman, M. & Frank, R. 2007. Herpetologische waarnemingen op Lesbos (Griekenland). Lacerta 65 (1): 4-15 - get paper here
  • Engelmann, W.E. et al. 1993. Lurche und Kriechtiere Europas. Neumann Verlag (Radebeul, Germany), 440 pp.
  • Frynta,D. et al. 1997. Results of the Czech biological expedition to Iran. Part 1. Notes on the distribution of amphibians and reptiles. Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 61: 3-17
  • Geniez, Philippe 2018. Snakes of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Princeton University Press, 384 pp. - get paper here
  • Göçmen, Bayram; Mehmet K. Atatür; Abidin Budak; Hasan Bahar; Mehmet Zülfü Yildiz; Nurşen Alpagut-Keskin 2009. Taxonomic notes on the snakes of Northern Cyprus, with observations on their morphologies and ecologies. Animal Biology 59: 1–30 - get paper here
  • Gray, J. E. 1845. Catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the British Museum. Trustees of die British Museum/Edward Newman, London: xxvii + 289 pp. - get paper here
  • Grillitsch, Heinz, Peter Weish and Franz Tiedemann 1999. Typhlops vermicularis Merrem, 1820 in the Dalmation island of Dugi Otok (Croatia) (Squamata: Serpentes: Typhlopidae). Herpetozoa 12 (3-4): 161-162 - get paper here
  • Grillitsch,B. & Grillitsch,H. 1993. Typhlops vermicularis - Wurmschlange oder Blödauge. In: Böhme,W. (ed.), Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas, Band 3/I., Schlangen (Serpentes) I. Aula-Verlag Wiesbaden, pp. 15-32
  • Gruber, U. 2009. Die Schlangen Europas, 2. Aufl. Kosmos Naturführer, 266 pp.
  • GVOZDENOVIĆ, S., & IKOVIĆ, V. 2022. CHECKLIST OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF MONTENEGRO AND THEIR CONSERVATION STATUS. Natura Montenegrina, Podgorica, 2022, 14 (2): 93-105 - get paper here
  • Hedges, S.B., Marion, A.B., Lipp, K.M., Marin, J. & Vidal, N. 2014. A taxonomic framework for typhlopid snakes from the Caribbean and other regions (Reptilia, Squamata). Caribbean Herpetology 49: 1–61 - get paper here
  • Hraoui-Bloquet, S.; Sadek, R.A.; Sindaco, R. & Venchi, A. 2002. The herpetofauna of Lebanon: new data on distribution. Zoology in the Middle East 27: 35-46 - get paper here
  • Ismailova Z. S., Rabadanova Z. G. 2024. On the morphology of the blind snake (Xerotyphlops vermicularis (Merrem, 1820)) (Typhlopidae, Reptilia) in Dagestan. Current Studies in Herpetology 24 (1-2): 55 - get paper here
  • Jablonski, Daniel 2011. Reptiles and amphibians of Albania with new records and notes on occurrence and distribution. Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 75: 223–238 - get paper here
  • Jablonski, Daniel and Petr Balej. 2015. Xerotyphlops vermicularis (Merrem, 1820), in the west Bulgarian Rhodope Mountains: Rediscovery after more than 100 years. Herpetozoa 27 (3/4): 200-203 [2014] - get paper here
  • Jan, G. 1864. Iconographie générale des ophidiens. 3. Livraison. J.B. Bailière et Fils, Paris - get paper here
  • Joisten, F. 2013. Amphibien und Reptilien in Nord-Afghanistan. Reptilia (Münster) 18 (103): 86-93 - get paper here
  • Kamali, Kamran 2020. A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Iran. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (www.chimaira.de). 574 pp.
  • Kasapidis, Panagiotis;Provatidou, Sofia;Maragou, Panagiota;Valakos, Efstratios D. 1996. Neue Daten über die Herpetofauna von Lesbos (ägäische Inseln, Griechenland) und einige biogeographische Bemerkungen über die Inseln des nordöstlichen ägäischen Archipels. Salamandra 32 (3): 171-180 - get paper here
  • Kasparek, M. 1990. Zur Herpetofauna des Beckens von Köycegiz, Türkei (Dalyan-Region). Salamandra 26 (2-3): 155-164 - get paper here
  • Kornilios P, Jablonski D, Sadek RA, et al. 2020. Multilocus species-delimitation in the Xerotyphlops vermicularis (Reptilia: Typhlopidae) species complex. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2020:106922. doi: - get paper here
  • Kornilios, P. 2017. Polytomies, signal and noise: revisiting the mitochondrial phylogeny and phylogeography of the Eurasian blindsnake species complex (Typhlopidae, Squamata). Zoologica Scripta, 00, 1–10 - get paper here
  • Kornilios, P.; Ç. Ilgaz, Y. Kumlutaş, P. Lymberakis, J. Moravec, R. Sindaco, N. Rastegar-Pouyani, M. Afroosheh, S. Giokas, S. Fraguedakis-Tsolis, B. Chondropoulos 2011. Neogene climatic oscillations shape the biogeography and evolutionary history of the Eurasian blindsnake. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution - get paper here
  • Kornilios, Panagiotis K 2014. First report of piebaldism in scolecophidians: a case of Typhlops vermicularis (Squamata: Typhlopidae). Herpetology Notes 7: 401-403 - get paper here
  • Kornilios, Panagiotis; Ilgaz, Çetin; Kumlutaş, Yusuf; Giokas, Sinos; Fraguedakis-Tsolis, Stella; Chondropoulos, Basil 2011. The role of Anatolian refugia in herpetofaunal diversity: an mtDNA analysis of Typhlops vermicularis Merrem, 1820 (Squamata, Typhlopidae). Amphibia-Reptilia 32 (3): 351-363 - get paper here
  • Koynova T, Marinova P, Stanchev N, Natchev N, Jablonski D 2021. New records of Xerotyphlops vermicularis (Merrem, 1820) indicate the northernmost locality of the species in the Balkan Peninsula. Check List 17(6): 1623-1626 - get paper here
  • KUMLUTAS, Y.;MEHMET ÖZ, M. RIZVAN TUNÇ, YAKUP KASKA, ADEM ÖZDEMIR & SERDAR DÜSEN 2004. On snake species of the Western Taurus range, Turkey. Nat. Croat. 13 (1): 19-33
  • Kunz, Kriton 2015. Schlangen, die Wirbellose fressen. Terraria-Elaphe 2015 (5): 14-20 - get paper here
  • Kwet, A. 2010. Reptilien und Amphibien Europas. Kosmos-Verlag, Stuttgart, 252 pp.
  • Kwet, A. & Schweizer, U. 2006. Die europäische Wurmschlange, Typhlops vermicularis MERREM, 1820, ein Nachweis von der griechischen Insel Thassos. Elaphe 14 (3): 37-39
  • Kwet, Axel & Benny Trapp 2014. Liste der Reptilien Europas. Draco 15 (60): 72-79 - get paper here
  • Matsubara, K., Kumazawa, Y., Ota, H., Nishida, C., & Matsuda, Y. 2019. Karyotype Analysis of Four Blind Snake Species (Reptilia: Squamata: Scolecophidia) and Karyotypic Changes in Serpentes. Cytogenetic and Genome Research - get paper here
  • MAZANAEVA, LYUDMILA F.; UZLIPAT A. GICHIKHANOVA & AZIM D. ASKENDEROV. 2022. XEROTYPHLOPS VERMICULARIS (Eurasian Blindsnake). PHENOLOGY. Herpetological Review 53 (3): 523–524.
  • McDiarmid, R.W.; Campbell, J.A. & Touré,T.A. 1999. Snake species of the world. Vol. 1. [type catalogue] Herpetologists’ League, 511 pp.
  • Méhely, L. 1894. Beiträge zur Herpetologie Transkaukasiens und Armeniens (Teil 1+2). Zool. Anz. 17: 78-80, 81-86 - get paper here
  • Meiri, Shai; Amos Belmaker, Daniel Berkowic, Kesem Kazes, Erez Maza, Guy Bar-Oz and Roi Dor 2019. A checklist of Israeli land vertebrates. Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution - get paper here
  • Merrem, B. 1820. Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien I (Tentamen Systematis Amphibiorum). J. C. Kriegeri, Marburg, 191 pp. - get paper here
  • Meyer, A. 1985. Die Reptilienfauna des südlichen Peleponnes. Sauria 7 (1): 13-16 - get paper here
  • Mezzasalma, Marcello; Franco Andreone, Frank Glaw, Agnese Petraccioli, Gaetano Odierna, Fabio Maria Guarino 2016. A karyological study of three typhlopid species with some inferences on chromosome evolution in blindsnakes (Scolecophidia). Zoologischer Anzeiger, doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2016.07.001 - get paper here
  • Mienis, H. K. 1982. A case of predation on Typhlops vermicularis by a Blackbird in Israel (Reptilia: Serpentes: Typhlopidae). Salamandra 18 (1-2): 116-117 - get paper here
  • Mojsisovics, A. v. 1889. Nachträgliche Bemerkungen zu meiner Arbeit „Über die geographische Verbreitung einiger westpalaearktischer Schlangen”. Mitt. naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, 1888: 270-273 - get paper here
  • Müller, F. 1880. Erster Nachtrag zum Katalog der herpetologischen Sammlung des Basler Museums. Verh. Naturf. Ges. Basel 7: 120-165 - get paper here
  • Ollonen, J., Khannoon, E. R., Macrì, S., Vergilov, V., Kuurne, J., Saarikivi, J., ... & Di-Poï, N. 2024. Dynamic evolutionary interplay between ontogenetic skull patterning and whole-head integration. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1-16 - get paper here
  • ÖZDEMÜR, Adem & Übrahim BARAN 2002. Research on the Herpetofauna of Murat Mountain (Kütahya-Usak). Turkish Journal of Zoology 26: 189-195 - get paper here
  • Özgül, C. N., & Gül, Ç. 2024. Mapping of Amphibian and Reptile species living in Bozcaada (Tenedos) Island, Türkiye, according to habitat and environ-mental changes. Biodiversity Journal 15 (1): 3–18 - get paper here
  • O’Shea, M. 2018. The Book of Snakes. Ivy Press / Quarto Publishing, London, - get paper here
  • Perry, G. 1985. Sexual dimorphism in Typhlops vermicularis (Reptilia: Ophidia). Israel J. Zool. 33 (1-2): 11-13
  • Perry, Gad 1990. Sexual dimorphism in Typhlops vermicularis. Hardun (5): 29-32;80
  • Petrov B. P., N. Tzankov, H. Strijbosch, G. Popgeorgiev, V. Beshkov 2006. The herpetofauna (Amphibia and Reptilia) of the Western Rhodopes mountain (Bulgaria and Greece). In: Beron P. (ed.). Biodiversity of Bulgaria. 3. Biodiversity of Western Rhodopes (Bulgaria and Greece) I. Pensoft & Nat. Mus. Natur. Hist., Sofia, pp. 863-912
  • Pyron, R.A. & Wallach, V. 2014. Systematics of the blindsnakes (Serpentes: Scolecophidia: Typhlopoidea) based on molecular and morphological evidence. Zootaxa 3829 (1): 001–081 - get paper here
  • Rajabizadeh, M. 2018. Snakes of Iran. [in Farsi] Tehran: Iranshenasi, 496 pp. [2017 ?] - get paper here
  • RASTEGAR-POUYANI, NASRULLAH; HAJI GHOLI KAMI, MEHDI RAJABZADEH, SOHEILA SHAFIEI AND STEVEN CLEMENT ANDERSON 2008. Annotated Checklist of Amphibians and Reptiles of Iran. Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics 4 (1): 7-30
  • Rhadi, Fadhil Abbas 2021. First record of the Eurasian blindsnake Xerotyphlops vermicularis (Merrem, 1820) from central Iraq (Serpentes: Typhlopidae). Herpetology Notes 14: 395-396
  • RHADI, FADHIL ABBAS; RIHAB GHALEB MOHAMMEDA & SEYYED SAEED HOSSEINIAN YOUSEFKHAN. 2021. First record and range extension of Eurasian blindsnake (Serpentes: Typhlopidae) from central of Iraq. Herpetology Notes 14: 395-396 - get paper here
  • Rutschke, J.; Koepe, D. & Deichsel, G. 2005. Beobachtungen zu anthropogenen Einflüssen auf die Reptilienfauna des Peloponnes (Griechenland). Herpetofauna 25 (143): 17-28 [2003/2004] - get paper here
  • Schlüter, U. 2006. Die Herpetofauna der bulgarischen Schwarzmeerküste - Teil 3: Schlangen. Elaphe 14 (2): 59-66
  • Schlüter, U. 2009. Die Schlangenfauna Europas. Draco 10 (39): 4-21 - get paper here
  • Schmidt B, Kranželić D, Majetić Đ, Lauš B, Štih A, Koren T 2020. Distribution and conservation status of the herpetofauna of Dugi Otok Island, Croatia. Herpetozoa 33: 191-205 - get paper here
  • Schmidt,K.P. 1939. Reptiles and amphibians from Southwestern Asia. Publ. Field Mus. nat. Hist., zool. Ser., 24: 49-92 - get paper here
  • Schreiber, E. 1875. Herpetologia Europaea. Eine systematische Bearbeitung der Amphibien und Reptilien, welche bisher in Europa aufgefunden sind. Braunschweig : Vieweg - get paper here
  • Sindaco, R.; Alberto Venchi & Cristina Grieco 2013. The Reptiles of the Western Palearctic, Volume 2: Annotated Checklist and Distributional Atlas of the Snakes of Europe, North Africa, Middle East and Central Asia, with an Update to Volume 1. Edizioni Belvedere, Latina (Italy), 543 pp. - get paper here
  • Sindaco, Roberto; Alberto Venchi, Giuseppe M. Carpaneto, Marco A. Bologna 2000. The Reptiles of Anatolia: a Checklist and Zoogeographical analysis. Biogeographia, 21-2000: 441-554. - get paper here
  • Sochurek,E. 1979. Die Schlangen Nordafrikas. Mitt. Zool. Ges. Braunau 3 (8/9): 219-226
  • Spawls, Stephen; Tomáš Mazuch & Abubakr Mohammad 2023. Handbook of Amphibians and Reptiles of North-east Africa. Bloomsbury, 640 pp. - get paper here
  • Speybroeck, Jeroen; Wouter Beukema, Christophe Dufresnes, Uwe Fritz, Daniel Jablonski, Petros Lymberakis, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Edoardo Razzetti, Melita Vamberger, Miguel Vences, Judit Vörös0, Pierre-André Crochet 2020. Species list of the European herpetofauna – 2020 update by the Taxonomic Committee of the Societas Europaea Herpetologica.. Amphibia-Reptilia 41: 139-189 - get paper here
  • Stoev, Pavel 2000. On the distribution, biology and ecology of amphibians and reptiles in the Derventski Heights and the Sakar Mountain, South-East Bulgaria Hist. Nat. Bulgarica 12: 59–69 - get paper here
  • Strachinis, Ilias and Matt Wilson. 2014. New record of Typhlops vermicularis Merrem, 1820 from Symi island, Greece. Herpetology Notes 7: 9-10 - get paper here
  • Strachinis, Ilias; Stephanos A. Roussos 2016. Terrestrial herpetofauna of Limnos and Agios Efstratios (Northern Aegean, Greece), including new species records for Malpolon insignitus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827) and Pelobates syriacus Boettger, 1889. Herpetology Notes 9: 237-248 - get paper here
  • Torki, Farhang 2017. Description of a new species of Lytorhynchus (Squamata: Colubridae) from Iran. Zoology in the Middle East 63 (2): 109, DOI: 10.1080/09397140.2017.1299319 - get paper here
  • Torki, Farhang 2017. A new species of blind snake, Xerotyphlops, from Iran. Herpetological Bulletin (140): 1-5 - get paper here
  • TOSONOGLU, M. & GÜL, Ç. & UYSAL, I. 2009. The herpetofauna of Tenedos (Bozcaada, Turkey) [Short Note]. Herpetozoa 22: - get paper here
  • Tóth, Tamás, László Krecsák, Thomas Madsen and Beáta Újvári 2002. Herpetofaunal locality records on the Greek Islands of Corfu (Amphibia, Reptilia). Herpetozoa 15 (3/4):149-169 - get paper here
  • Trape, J.-F. 2023. Guide des serpents d’Afrique occidentale, centrale et d’Afrique du Nord. IRD Éditions, Marseille, 896 pp.
  • Trapp, B. 2007. Reptilien und Amphibien des griechischen Festlandes. Natur und Tier Verlag (Münster), 300 pp. - get paper here
  • Trutnau, L. 1975. Europäische Amphibien und Reptilien. Belser Verlag, Stuttgart 212 pp.
  • Tuniyev, B.S.; N.L. Orlov, N.B. Ananjeva and A.L. Aghasyan 2019. Snakes of the Caucasus: taxonomic diversity, distribution, conservation. St. Petersburg, Moscow. KMK Scientific Press. 2019. 276 pp. - get paper here
  • Uhrin, Marcel; Peter Havaš, Martin Minařík, Karel Kodejš, Imrich Bugoš, Stanislav Danko, Tomáš Husák, Daniel Koleska and Daniel Jablonski 2016. Distribution updates to amphibian and reptile fauna for the Republic of Macedonia. Herpetology Notes 9: 201-220 - get paper here
  • Venchi, Alberto and Roberto Sindaco 2006. Annotated checklist of the reptiles of the Mediterranean countries, with keys to species identification. Part 2 -Snakes (Reptilia, Serpentes). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale "G. Doria", Genova, XCVIII: 259-364
  • Venzmer,G. 1919. Zur Schlangenfauna Süd-Kleinasiens, speziell des cilicischen Taurus. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 83 (11): 95-122
  • Wallach, Van 2002. Typhlops etheridgei, a new species of African blindsnake in the Typhlops vermicularis species group from Mauritania (Serpentes: Typhlopidae). Hamadryad 27 (1):108-122 - get paper here
  • Werner,F. 1935. Reptilien der Ägäischen Inseln. Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 144: 81-117 - get paper here
  • Wütschert, R. 1984. Neues uber die Reptilienfauna der Insel Korfu. Salamandra 20 (4): 221-228 - get paper here
  • Yildiz, Mehmet Zülfü; Nasit Igci, Bahadir Akman, Bayram Göcmen 2018. Results of a herpetological survey in the Province of Ağrı (East Anatolia, Turkey) (Anura; Testudines; Squamata). Herpetozoa 31 (1/2): 47 - 60 - get paper here
 
External links  
Is it interesting? Share with others:


Please submit feedback about this entry to the curator