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Zygaspis quadrifrons (PETERS, 1862)

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Higher TaxaAmphisbaenidae, Amphisbaenia, Lacertoidea, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Kalahari Dwarf Worm Lizard, Kalahari Round-snouted Worm Lizard 
SynonymAmphisbaena quadrifrons PETERS 1862: 25
Amphisbaena capensis THOMINOT 1887
Amphisbaena ambuellensis MONARD 1931
Amphisbaena ambuellensis — MONARD 1937: 65
Amphisbaena quadrifrons quadrifrons — LOVERIDGE 1941: 385
Zygaspis quadrifrons capensis — LOVERIDGE 1941
Amphisbaena quadrifrons katangae WITTE & LAURENT 1942: 81
Zygaspis quadrifrons capensis — FITZSIMONS 1943
Amphisbaena quadrifrons — LAURENT 1947
Shrevea quadrifrons — VANZOLINI 1951
Zygaspis quadrifrons — VANZOLINI 1953
Amphisbaena quadrifrons capensis — WITTE 1954: 986
Amphisbaena quadrifrons capensis — BROADLEY 1962
Zygaspis quadrifrons — AUERBACH 1987: 138
Zygaspis quadrifrons — BROADLEY 1998
Zygaspis quadrifrons — GANS 2005: 39
Zygaspis quadrifrons — BATES et al. 2014: 156
Zygaspis quadrifrons — PIETERSEN et al. 2021 
DistributionAngola, N Namibia, W Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire), Republic of South Africa (Cape Province), S Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Type locality: Neu Barmen [= Otjimbingue, Namibia], by implication.

ambuellensis: Type locality: Chimporo (= Techimpolo) and Caquindo, Angola.

capensis: Type locality: ‘‘Lac Ngami’’.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesSyntypes: ZMB 4202-4
Syntypes: LCFM (two specimens, unnumbered); NMBA 13330 [ambuellensis]
Holotype: MNHN 431 [capensis]
Holotype: RMCA (= MRAC = RGMC) 7233 [katangae] 
Diagnosis 
CommentSynonymy and subspecies mainly after GANS 1967. BROADLEY & BROADLEY 1997 synonymized capensis with Z. quadrifrons and elevated Z. q. dolichomenta to full species status.

Type Species: Amphisbaena quadrifrons is the type species of the genus Zygaspis COPE 1885 and the type species of the genus Shrevea VANZOLINI 1951; Vanzolini included quadrifrons and dolichomenta in Shrevea. 
References
  • Auerbach, R.D. 1987. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Botswana. Mokwepa Consultants, Botswana, 295 pp.
  • Baptista NL, António T, Branch WR. 2019. The herpetofauna of Bicuar National Park and surroundings, southwestern Angola: a preliminary checklist. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 13(2) [Special Section]: 96–130 (e203) - get paper here
  • Bates, M.F.; Branch, W.R., Bauer, A.M.; Burger, M., Marais, J.; Alexander, G.J. & de Villliers, M.S. (eds.) 2014. Atlas and Red List of the Reptiles of South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland. Suricata 1. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, 512 pp.
  • Bates, Michael F. 2018. Catalogue of reptiles from Mozambique in the collection of the National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa. Indago 34 (2): 135–147
  • Bauer, A.M.; Günther,R. & Klipfel,M. 1995. The herpetological contributions of Wilhelm C.H. Peters (1815-1883). SSAR Facsimile Reprints in Herpetology, 714 pp.
  • BOURQUIN, O. & V. GRUENER 2017. A NOTE ON THE HERPETOFAUNA OF MODISA CAMP (BOTSWANA) AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. African Herp News (64): 9-26 - get paper here
  • Branch, William R. 1993. A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik Publishers, 144 S.
  • Broadley D G; Gans C 1978. Distribution, variation, and systematic status of Zygaspis violacea (Peters) (Amphisbaenia: Reptilia) endemic to southeastern Africa. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 47 (14) : 319-334 - get paper here
  • Broadley, D.G. 1962. On some reptile collections from the North-Western and North-Eastern Districts of Southern Rhodesia 1958-1961, with descriptions of four new lizards. Occ. Pap. Nat. Mus. South. Rhodesia 26 (B): 787-843
  • Broadley, D.G. 1991. The Herpetofauna of Northern Mwinilunga Distr., Northw. Zambia. Arnoldia Zimbabwe 9 (37): 519-538
  • Broadley, D.G. 1998. The reptilian fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa). In: Schmidt, K.P. and Noble, G.K., Contributions to the Herpetology of the Belgian Congo... [reprint of the 1919 and 1923 papers]. SSAR Facsimile reprints in Herpetology, 780 pp.
  • Broadley, D.G. & Gans,C. 1975. Additional records for Zygaspis niger and Z. quadrifrons. Herpetological Review 6 (1): 21 - get paper here
  • Broadley, Donald G. & Broadley, Sheila 1997. A revision of the African genus Zygaspis Cope (Reptilia: Amphisbaenia). Syntarsus 4: 1-24
  • Broadley, Donald G. and F. P. D. Cotterill. 2004. The reptiles of southeast Katanga, an overlooked 'hot spot'. [Congo]. African Journal of Herpetology 53 (1): 35-61. - get paper here
  • Brygoo, E. R. 1990. Les types d'Amphisbaenidés, Pygopodidés, Xantusiidés (Reptiles, Sauriens) du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle - Catalogue critique. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. 12 (ser. 4) A (3-4), suppl.: 3-18
  • Butler, B O; Ceríaco, L M P; Marques, M P; Bandeira, S; Júlio, T; Heinicke, M P & Bauer, A M; 2019. Herpetological survey of Huíla Province, Southwest Angola, including first records of Bicuar National Park. Herpetological Review 50 (2): 225-240 - get paper here
  • Conradie W and Branch WR. 2016. The herpetofauna of the Cubango, Cuito, and lower Cuando river catchments of south-eastern Angola. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 10 (2) [Special Section]: 6–36 - get paper here
  • Conradie W, Keates C, Verburgt L, Baptista NL, Harvey J, Júlio T, Neef G. 2022. Contributions to the herpetofauna of the Angolan Okavango-Cuando-Zambezi River drainages. Part 2: Lizards (Sauria), chelonians, and crocodiles. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 16(2): 181–214 (e322) - get paper here
  • CONRADIE, W., DOUCETTE-RIISE, S., VANHOOYDONCK, B., ENGELBRECHT, H., MEASEY, G.J., & TOLLEY, K. 2011. Herpetological survey of Rooipoort Nature Reserve, Northern Cape, South Africa. African Herp News (53): 35-41 - get paper here
  • COSTA, HENRIQUE, JOSHUA MATA & LUIS CERIACO. 2022. First record of an amphisbaenian, a Kalahari Dwarf Wormlizard, Zygaspis quadrifrons (Amphisbaenia), as prey of Sundevall’s Writhing Skink, Mochlus sundevallii (Squamata: Scincidae). Reptiles & Amphibians 29(1): 117–118. - get paper here
  • FitzSimons, V.F. 1943. The lizards of South Africa. Transvaal Museum Memoir No.1 (Pretoria), 528 pp.
  • Gans, C. 2005. CHECKLIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE AMPHISBAENIA OF THE WORLD. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 289: 1-130 - get paper here
  • Gans, C., G.C. Huang & H.F. Clark 1967. The Diphyletism of the Amphisbaenia (Reptilia): A Re-Evaluation Based upon Chromosome Counts Copeia 1967 (2): 485-487. - get paper here
  • Herrmann, H.-W.; W.R. Branch 2013. Fifty years of herpetological research in the Namib Desert and Namibia with an updated and annotated species checklist. Journal of Arid Environments 93: 94–115 - get paper here
  • LANGNER, C. 2019. Die geheimnisvollen Doppelschleichen (Amphisbaenia) - ein Leben im Untergrund Elaphe 2019 (6): 14-21
  • Laurent, R.F. 1947. Notes sur les Amphisbaenidae d'Afrique. Revue. Zool. Bot. Afr. Vol. 40: 52-63
  • Loveridge, ARTHUR 1941. Revision of the African lizards of the family Amphisbaenidae. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 87: 353-451. - get paper here
  • Marques, Mariana P.; Luis M. P. Ceríaco , David C. Blackburn , and Aaron M. Bauer 2018. Diversity and Distribution of the Amphibians and Terrestrial Reptiles of Angola -- Atlas of Historical and Bibliographic Records (1840–2017). Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (Ser. 4) 65: 1-501 (Supplement II)
  • Measey, John & Krystal A. Tolley 2013. A molecular phylogeny for sub-Saharan amphisbaenians. African Journal of Herpetology 62 (2): 100-108 - get paper here
  • Monard, ALBERT 1931. Mission scientifique Suisse dans l'Angola. Résultats scientifiques. Reptiles. Bull. Soc. Neuchâtel Sci. Nat., vol. 33, pp. 89-111. [1930] - get paper here
  • Monard, ALBERT 1937. Contribution à l'herpétologie d'Angola. Arq. Mus. Bocage, Lisbon 8:19-153.
  • Peters,W.C.H. 1862. Übersicht einiger von dem , durch seine afrikanische Sprachforschungen, rühmlichst bekannten, Hrn. Missionär C.H. Hahn bei Neu-Barmen, im Hererolande, and der Westküste von Afrika, im 21˚ südl. Br. gesammelten Amphibien, nebst Beschreibungen der neue Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1862: 15-26 - get paper here
  • Pietersen DW, Pietersen EW, Conradie W. 2017. Preliminary herpetological survey of Ngonye Falls and surrounding regions in south-western Zambia. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 11(1) [Special Section]: 24–43 (e148 - get paper here
  • Pietersen, Darren, Verburgt, Luke & Davies, John 2021. Snakes and other reptiles of Zambia and Malawi. Struik Nature / Penguin Random House South Africa, 376 pp., ISBN 9781775847373
  • Saiff, E. I. 1970. Geographical variation in the genus Zygaspis (Amphisbaenia: Reptilia). Herpetologica 26 (1): 86-119 - get paper here
  • Thominot, A. 1887. Description de trois espèces nouvelles d'Anolis et d'un amphisbaenien. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (7) 11 (4): 182-190 - get paper here
  • Vanzolini, P. E. 1953. Sobre os nomes Zygaspis Cope e Shrevea Vanzolini. Pap. Avul. Zool., Sao Paulo 11: 46-47 - get paper here
  • Vanzolini, P.E. 1951. A systematic arrangement of the family Amphibaenidae (Sauria). Herpetologica 7: 113-123 - get paper here
  • Witte, G. F. de 1933. Reptiles récoltés au Conge Belge par le Dr. H. Schouteden et par M. G.-F. Witte. Ann. Mus. Conge belge Zool. Ser. 1 Tome III: 53-100.
  • Witte, G. F. de 1954. Revision des Amphisbaenidae du Congo Belge. Volume Jubilaire Victor Von Straelen. Brussels, vol. 2, pp. 981-1010.
  • Witte, G. F. de AND RAYMOND F. LAURENT 1942. Contribution à la systématique de Amphisbaenidae du Congo belge. Rev. Zool. Bot. Africaine 36 (1): 67-86.
 
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